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The existence or call for social Islam is part of the government measures to confront the COVID-19 pandemic that is developing four months after the first case detected in Wuhan, China, and that has affected Chile since March. The general call “remained in homes” and also prevented the spread of contagion. But what happens when “staying at home” is a sin of security and tranquility for only a part of the population? Why not when, for example, more than 3 family groups live under the same roof? What about living in camps and not having clean water? There are families that do not have sufficient thermal or sanitary conditions to spend a general winter without freezing. What happens with them? The realities of life in Chile are very far from others and do not necessarily have to be a correlative factor, but the truth is that in our country life is precarious and is also related to geographical sectors: Santiago is undoubtedly one of the paradigms of the town here. apartment between rich and poor neighborhoods.
In October 2019, the Housing Foundation presented one of its latest studies, “Algados, a social pressure cooker in the city”, with, among other things, issues concerned with the residential deficit, wondering about the power of the real estate market – according to the Housing layout for the emerging and middle sectors and the existing public life programs, and raised the urgency of developing an urban progression plan that would offer an effective and comprehensive solution to the disorders of segregation and precariousness. with respect to the giant component of the population. In reality, 1,528,284 people, equivalent to 8. 6 of the population for the century, live below the average source of income poverty line and 20. 7 for the century are in a scenario of multidimensional poverty. Furthermore, of the 497,560 inhabitants, 91. 4 percent have a circle of relatives that are not compatible with the phenomenon of denunciation and acquisition. During the days of the study’s launch, the social status quo occurred on October 18, another moment of tension where the residential scenario was one of the reasons for the widespread violence, and which revealed the least visible.
As the geographer Juan Correa, one of the authors of the study by the Housing Foundation, points out: “Urban planning and health problems do not seem to be at the forefront of the demands of the social crisis, however today the pandemic is already above the naked and unbalanced structural structure”. Structures. Life has a lot to do with your spatial vulnerability to COVID-19. It is more certain that the new discourse of the government, which returns to normality, to work, to classes, will cause the virus to spread because it has not reached its peak. It is urgent to identify all the “Sectors of the population where the virus can be more disastrous and life is key. The mayor will have more concentration of people and, ultimately, more contact, because contagion will be the most likely. “
Since yesterday, Correa has been working at the Space Production Center (CPE) of the University of the Americas and with him a series of articles has evolved that are exactly variable between the territory and the expansion of the virus. One of them, “Quarantine or not quarantine, that is the question” – published on April 7 – poses the threat of generating, in the midst of the orientation of the sector and the resumption of productive activities in this area – the opening of stores It is seen that many other people in the network who do not have high rates of contagion, it is only in the center of the country: Santiago, Providencia and Las Condes, where the contagion is maximum probable maximum and the virus spreads to other peripheral communities.
In addition, the center’s staff and other integrators respond to the need to identify preventive measures in vulnerable neighborhoods, adding to the detection of cases of contagion. “We think that the most productive thing is to make the scenario fair, because it is precisely in an apartment or allegation scenario where the chances of many men being contagious and being in a lower position are affected. There are also precarious conditions regarding curtains. For example, if a user is locked in his house, but his life has poor thermal quality, he is not in his apartment, he is cold, he is humid and the virus would possibly be more complicated to control,” says Correa. “We are sure that the State can accumulate its public debt in up to 20 years, as many countries have done, because Chile is one of the smallest countries in public law in Latin America if the State speeds up investment, for example. , to bring to this vulnerable circle of relatives a collection of food, medicines, payment for arrivals and a financial contribution for 3 months, in order to not want to leave home, since it will be possible to stop the spread of the virus, which will spread to this position. In some positions, security will end up accumulating the burden of many human lives. This is very serious, because it can be avoided.
Al igual que Correa, Fernando Campos, sociólogo y académico de la Universidad de Chile, experto en temas de desarrollo urbano y miembro de la Cátedra de Racismos y Migraciones Contemporáneas de la misma casa de estudios, enfatiza en la urgencia que supone que el Estado otorgue ayudas efectivas durante la pandemia a los grupos más vulnerables, entre ellos, los migrantes. “Ya que con este virus todos podemos infectarnos por igual, el gobierno ha planteado la idea de que también todos podemos acceder por igual a los sistemas de salud, y eso no es así. La población migrante es vulnerable en ese aspecto. En otros países, como Portugal, por ejemplo, se les dio permiso y residencia a todos los migrantes para asegurarles la atención médica en los servicios de salud”, cuenta Campos.
“It is also mandatory to dismantle the concept that migrants have a specific challenge with the virus; It is the housing situations that are the challenge and this affects everyone who lives in those situations. The issue for migrants is that they will have to ensure access to public fitness services, regardless of their immigration status, whether or not they have up-to-date papers, because unfortunately the majority live in poor living conditions and are where they are. “There is a higher focus of contagion and that is all I ask of other people to diagnose and control the climate,” added the sociologist.
According to information dear angelesdo last February by the Department of Sociology of los angeles U. de Chile in conjunction with Un Techo para Chile and the Center for Ethics and Social Reflection of los angeles U. Alberto Hurtado, migrant angels represent 14 percent of los angeles housing deficit that exists in Chile, where 22 percent of their loved ones and 19 percent also live in accommodation situations. That is to say, the majority do not have access to their own housing, if it is not rented, and that one in four people arrives without a contract. 30 percent of them live in camps. This is one of the regions of the beginning of the campaign “Humanity is all of us”, promoted by the Chair of Racism and Contemporary Migrations of the U. de Chile, the Open University of Recoleta and the National Network of Migrant Organizations and Promigrants.
En este sentido, durante las últimas semanas, el Ministerio de Vivienda comprometió la entrega de “kits de salud” que incluyen cloro gel, toallas desinfectantes, detergente, pasta de dientes, cepillos de dientes, guantes, jabón, paños de limpieza y lavalozas, entre otros, que están destinados a las personas que viven en los 802 campamentos que se tienen catastrados. La ayuda ya estaría llegando a los primeros 290 campamentos y seguirá sucediendo así todos los días, dice el ministro Cristián Monckeberg. “Mediante una alianza público privada, se acordó el aporte de la CPC para contar con 47 mil kits más, con los que llegaremos al total de campamentos. Estamos trabajando en conjunto con las Fuerzas Armadas, el mundo privado, para llegar con estos kits, y con toda la información a las familias para prevenir contagios en los campamentos. Efectivamente, este virus a todos nos puede tocar, pero hay familias más vulnerables y en ellas debemos focalizar una ayuda lo más integral posible”.
It is clear that this is emergency aid and, in this sense, the minister assures that what is sought is the maximum permanent solution. “We are in a policy of eradication over a giant territory, which requires definitive responses to this circle. “of relatives who, thanks to the disaster, are known and with the things that are being carried out in other projects for a solution, you are at the same time where you live, in the middle of an urbanization process, as we have done, for example, in the Manuel Bustos camp in Viña del Mar; or with the structure or relocation of families to other places,” says Monckeberg, who assures that it has also accelerated the access of two million social lives due to the pandemic, “which is very vital for this time to be able to pass; in the protection of our new homes. “
However, there is no number of social lives or reception capacity that worries the experts, who carry profound denunciation and wonderful knowledge in the end of updating the quality criteria of what is built and what is bad. De plos angelesurbanification of los angelesrgo plos angeleszo, without los angeles which has continued to reproduce a style of segregation at the time of the habitability of Chilean cities. Precisely for this reason life is not considered a right guaranteed in the Constitution. Today, the style sees life as a more vital intelligence in the market that promotes lax competition between structural companies, and this is one of the key issues that will have to be reformed to build a more egalitarian city.
While it is true that in recent years we have made a greater structure of social housing, we have a greater structure – between the 80s and 90s, we built homes of 25 to 36 square meters in the middle of this day. 44 to 55 Square Meters – and there are examples of expandable social housing such as Los Angeles who has built Los Angeles Elementary office, the truth is that Los Angeles construction has gone down due to high price of land, which means Continuing to collapse this type of housing to the periphery, where the land is more cheap.
The architect Ricardo Tapia, professor at the University of Chile and specialist in social life at the Institute of Social Life (INVI) of the Faculty of Architecture and Urbanism, conducted a Fondecyt survey to analyze the issue.
“Between 1980 and 2002 it built 230 million social homes, the largest amount of housing production in the history of Chile, however the length under development was forty-five m2, between 2003 and 2010 it built only 23 million homes, and it is Simply because the sun was more beautiful, especially in the metropolis. Because eminently urban commerce is a smart thing that is transported in the market, in the towns the value of the last 3 to 4 UF has reached per m2, and for a social life to be able to build and generate profits for businesses, this does not deserve to exceed the value of one UF per m2. But it is very difficult to locate towns with more than one hundred million inhabitants, because the structure ends on the outskirts, in towns like Lampa, Buin, Talagante, Melipilla, where there is less population and where it is forced to provide more equipment. The homes are surrounded by schools, fitness services, etc. ,” he explained. “In addition, although I had an idea of what was happening during the army dictatorship, they still require us for other habitability situations, such as acoustic, thermal and location aspects. ”
Fernando Campos comparte ese primer diagnóstico y califica de obsoletos los criterios para medir la calidad de las viviendas. “El índice que se ocupa es el de déficit habitacional, que dice poco del criterio de calidad que se utiliza y que está construido en base a datos de hace 50 años o más, entonces, que te digan si la vivienda tiene piso de tierra o no, son criterios muy básicos. Hoy el estándar de vida ha subido y eso no se ve reflejado en estos indicadores. La capacidad de ventilación o los niveles de humedad de una vivienda no se toman en cuenta y son justamente los que hoy, en medio de una pandemia, ponen en juego la rapidez del contagio”, dice el sociólogo.
The social life policy that exists today in Chile was established in 1976, when the dictatorship dictated that the self was not an intelligent escapee and because so much was already in the hands of the Americans, such as the appropriation of the market and the structure of those properties. The architect Alejandra Celedón studied the issue of the background and brought it to the foreign stage when in 2018 she represented Chile at the Venice Architecture Biennale with the wonderful stadium, where she explained how the program for deregistration and removal of marginal neighborhoods evolved. the outskirts of the town (1976-1985) and the National Urban Development Policy (UNDP) of 1979, which liberated the urban perimeter of the town. All this was announced, on that occasion, in the National State, on September 23, 1979, when 37 million citizens were summoned for a gigantic number of low-net worth securities as was the new policy. “Tomorrow no State will have a normal market without land prices having been established. This is the main substitution of the previous government: housing is no longer a right without merchandise, and the proletarians become owners, the residents become debtors. The result today was hopeful and visual: a people’s commission (or this falla) founded on a sum of many personal, atomized Americans, exempt from a collective program,” says Celedón.
Today, this segregation is at its most noticeable with the expansion of the pandemic: “The virus distinguishes neighborhoods (and countries) according to your resources and your ability to admit the distances and the angels of the same islands that you ask of it. This is the case of Puente Alto, which is adapting to the outbreak of infections in the country. “Overcrowding, the impossibility of making illness, insufficient domestic spaces, will make iniquity visual through the angels of disease,” reflects the architect.
Before 1973, the vision of the town was a territorial and collective challenge of entities such as CORMU (Urban Improvement Corporation) and CORVI (Los Angeles Housing Corporation) understanding architecture as the collective and integrating pieces of the town. , there are emblematic examples such as the Villos Ángeles Portales, located in the Central Station and inaugurated in 1966, or the remodeling of San Borja, located in the heart of Santiago, as part of the state project. Los Angeles and expropriation that provides a market value to build high-rise buildings. Interconnected and with the Angels. Not unusual areas. Also in 1972, the government of Salvador Allende introduced the first social apartments located in Las Condes, in the Villos Ángeles San Luis, which communicates with 250 decomposers that give life, for those who live in camps in this municipality and that are today destroyed. Abandoned.
Durante la dictadura, en tanto, la Oficina de Planificación Nacional (ODEPLAN) a cargo de Miguel Kast elaboró los primeros mecanismos para diseñar, aplicar y evaluar su política social, entre los que se cuentan el Mapa de Extrema Pobreza (1974), la Ficha CAS (1977) y la Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional o CASEN (1985). Con ellas se proponía una política social que tuviera como objetivo erradicar la pobreza extrema mediante el crecimiento económico y la entrega directa, desde el Estado, de subsidios a los más pobres, pero para ello se debía identificar a los beneficiarios.
“The political approach was: ‘well, we have many poor people, a lot of demand for housing and the resources of the State are scarce, wherever we can focus. ‘The concept of is the one that is now maintained in the feeling of preference for maximum care. Bajos de Mena is an example of this, in the corporation of an organization of other people who have more or less the same CAS registration point, which means giant homogeneous spaces of the same point of poverty and precariousness, without categories of integration of others. Socioeconomic points. A big mistake,” says architect Ricardo Tapia.
Sin embargo, en las últimas décadas la falta de planificación y la especulación del valor del suelo por parte del mercado no sólo ha perjudicado a los grupos más pobres, sino también a la clase media a través de la construcción de grandes torres con cientos de departamentos, poco metraje y sobreprecios que han formado una burbuja inmobiliaria. “Los famosos guetos verticales obedecen a esa lógica. El mercado descubrió un nicho de gente que trabajaba en áreas centrales y que sólo necesitaba un lugar para dormir y comenzó a construir departamentos de 17 m2 y a venderlos en más de mil UF, simplemente porque había mercado para hacerlo. La verdad es que no existe una norma que regularice la cantidad mínima de m2 que debe tener una vivienda privada”, agrega Tapia.
In August 2019, the Urban Social Integration Bill was approved by the Chamber of Deputies, which promotes the MINVU and encourages the densification of smart living places with personal projects that incorporate topics for social life, allowing people. access, with subsidies, to one of the neighborhoods with the highest location. The initiative is being discussed in the Senate and is defended by Minister Monckeberg, because it “seeks to relieve segregation”, but it is rather questioned by the experts interviewed.
“It’s a blank check for real estate businesses,” Juan Correa said. “Private teachers will build places with intelligent indicators, while they will have to provide greater facilities to the peripheral neighborhoods, which have a hospital, a Cesfam, schools and quality professionals, without concessions. more in the center,” he adds.
Mientras, el arquitecto Ricardo Tapia repara en la falta de conexión que existe entre la clase dirigente y la ciudadanía. “La gente de menos recursos y sectores más vulnerables no quiere irse a vivir a aquellos sectores donde vive la gente de mayores recursos: lo que la gente quiere es que sus barrios y comunas gocen de la misma calidad residencial que tienen los barrios altos, mejor transporte, más áreas verdes, mejores servicios complementarios. Lo mismo sucede con la Política Nacional de Desarrollo Urbano, que viene desde el primer gobierno de Piñera y que se fundamenta en cinco pilares espectaculares, en los que todos estamos de acuerdo, pero que son sólo indicativos y no vinculantes, y en los que, la verdad, tampoco se le ha pedido la opinión a la ciudadanía”.
“Creo que es fundamental volver a considerar la vivienda como un derecho”, dice el sociólogo Fernando Campos. “No creo que el problema sea la regulación, la regulación existe, pero está orientada a fines que no compartimos todos, o no se transparentan los fines a los que apuntan esas normas y ciertos grupos las utilizan a su conveniencia. A Chile no le faltan mecanismos regulatorios, le falta que nos pongamos de acuerdo sobre cómo queremos regular las cosas. A mí me cuesta pensar, por ejemplo, que en el último año en Santiago se haya construido una mejor ciudad. Es el momento de pensar en una ciudad más equitativa con los estándares de vida; es brutal que eso no esté en discusión hoy día y es brutal también que mandemos a la gente a hacer cuarentena en su casa, pero no tengamos idea de en qué condiciones vive”.
While there is no accounting for the quality of the area you live in, you will now have it through value, and even more so if the virus becomes a general fire duration. Probably, those who had never before joined as part of a vulnerable group now feel that they have more precarious living conditions, with the invasion of their domestic spaces through teleworking and online education and, who knows, long-term relief. term of their former spaces of interaction. such as offices, theaters, schools and cinemas. “These phenomena are not new,” says Alejandra Celedón. “Their own from the virtual era, radicalized by the pandemic. Unfortunately, the virus is visual and it is imperative to guarantee as much as possible the established criteria for life. The crisis can lead to profound adjustments that waste a lot of time. If the city is part of the problem, it can also be part of the solution. ”