A recent Drug Report outlines existing approaches to controlling coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), adding diagnostic, therapeutic, and preventive measures.
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), the pathogen to blame for COVID-19, is a positive-sense single-stranded single-stranded ribonucleic acid (RNA) virus that is primarily transmitted among Americans through droplet and aerosol respiration. the binding between the SARS-CoV-2 spike protein and the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE-2) receptor on the host’s mobile membrane causes the virus to enter the motiles and replicate.
Although most COVID-19 patients remain asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic, the infection can be severe in vulnerable people, including the elderly, immunocompromised patients, and others with comorbidities. In its severe form, COVID-19 can lead to hypoxemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome. (ARDS), cardiovascular problems, hyperinflammation, autoimmune responses, liver and kidney complications, gastrointestinal complications, neuropsychiatric complications, dermatological and musculoskeletal complications, organ failure and even death.
Throughout the pandemic, many variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged around the world, adding the so-called fear variants (VOCs). VOCs are related to accelerated transmission and infection potency.
More recently, SARS-CoV-2 Omicron VOC has demonstrated a particularly greater ability to evade pre-existing anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunity, leading to a sharp accumulation of new COVID-19 cases worldwide.
Laboratory strategies primarily used to diagnose COVID-19 include opposite-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), opposite transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP), antigen test, point-of-care test, and fluorescence-based testing. . biosensor assays. In addition, chest computed tomography (CT) and chest x-rays may also be used for the clinical diagnosis of COVID-19.
RT-PCR, a highly fast and accurate method that detects viral RNA in breathing samples, is considered the best option for diagnosing COVID-19. related pneumonia. Fluorescence-based biosensors are cost-effective responses used to find antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 in the blood.
Several methods have been developed to improve the diagnostic power of these methods. A new technique has been developed that combines RT-LAMP and CRISPR-Cas12 to temporarily and well stumble with COVID-19. The built-in COVID-19 RNA stumbling onion kit The automatic onion formula stumbles upon genes also, as you should know, expresses viral variants in breath samples.
With regard to COVID-19 antibody tests, sensitive and resistant bioequipment has been developed to find antibodies against the nucleocapsid of SARS-CoV-2 in the blood. These devices are on the surface of magnetic microspheres functionalized with internally expressed spike and nucleocapsid proteins.
The U. S. Food and Drug AdministrationThe U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved the reuse of several to treat COVID-19. Most of them are small molecule inhibitors that target viral replication and access pathways.
Of those, remdesivir has shown length of hospital stay and intensity of symptoms. In addition, clinical studies with lopinavir/ritonavir have shown the effectiveness of these drugs in reducing adverse effects of disease, viral load, infection rate, and steroid use.
Arbidol is more effective than lopinavir in reducing viral load and mortality. However, no clinical advantages of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been observed in patients with COVID-19.
Molnupiravir, a broad-spectrum antiviral drug, recently obtained FDA approval to treat COVID-19 patients. Clinical studies have shown that molnupiravir reduces disease progression, oxygen treatment and mortality well.
In addition to repurposed drugs, biologic polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies, convalescent plasma, and hyperimmune γ-globulin have been used as immunotherapy to treat COVID-19 patients.
Vaccination is an important prophylactic measure to prevent infection and transmission of SARS-CoV-2, severe COVID-19, hospitalization and mortality. Several types of vaccines against COVID-19 have been developed, adding messenger RNA (mRNA), viral vector vaccines based on protein subunits and based on peptides, DNA-based, dendritic cell-based and based on virus-like particles.
According to recent data, around 67% of the world’s population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccines. Most approved vaccines have been linked to maximum potency to induce and long-lasting virus-specific cellular and humoral immune responses. However, with regard to safety, some rare cases of blood clotting and thrombosis with thrombocytopenia syndrome have been documented for adenoviral vector-based vaccines.
In the initial phase of vaccine deployment, the federal government approved a number one two-dose immunization regimen for the pandemic trajectory. However, a relief in vaccine efficacy has been observed globally, requiring approval of a third booster dose of the vaccine. .
This relief in vaccine efficacy may be due to the emergence of more competent and immunologically adapted viral variants, such as Omicron. However, studies conducted in real-world situations have shown that the three-dose regimen of COVID-19 vaccines is very effective at neutralizing several viral variants, Omicron adds.
The use of synthetic intelligence (AI) for diagnosis and drug discovery has also shown promise in facets of COVID-19 research. To this end, AI can be deployed to temporarily analyze multiple sets of pre-existing knowledge to identify new drug targets. This technique can also be used for contact tracing and identity of at-risk groups.
Nanotechnology is another key technique that has been considered for COVID-19 management. Some methods followed include private protective equipment of nanoparticles, vaccines based on nanoparticles and drug delivery systems, face masks based on nanosensors and nanofilters, ACE2- targeting nanoparticles and nanoparticle-based biosensors for the detection of COVID-19.
Written By
Dr. Sanchari Sinha Dutta is a science communicator who believes in spreading the power of science in each and every corner of the world. He holds a Bachelor of Science (B. Sc. ) and a Master of Science (M. Sc. ) in Biology and Human Physiology. After his master’s degree, Sanchari continued his doctoral studies in human physiology. She is the author of more than 10 original study articles, all of which have been published in world-renowned foreign journals.
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