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The fatal outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by a global accumulation of hate crimes against Asians and racial violence. In this article, I experimentally evaluate the subsequent effects of the fitness crisis on the racial attitudes of the American public. Respondents were randomly assigned to other messages about COVID-19 and its agreement with China and answered a series of questions about racial attitude, adding a new measure of racial resentment against Asians. Across all end-result measures, I located 0 effects for any of the correction messages, suggesting that racialized perspectives toward Asians could be strong individual-level dispositions that have shaped U. S. responses to Asians. The U. S. and beyond.
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1 See the following segment and appendix for more key points on these measures.
2 These ancillary assumptions are set out in the Annex. I would also like to point out that the effect of the remedy is expected to trickle down to higher levels of support for China’s hardline policy preferences.
3 The existing exam was previously recorded in the APM prior to the implementation of the survey.
4 A summary of the pattern characteristics can be found in the online appendix.
5 The full text of all experimental measures and vignettes can be found in the Annex.
6 I adhere to the popular practice of asking those questions first to avoid post-processing bias (Nyhan and Torres, Reference, Nyhan and Torres 2018).
7 The Asian-American Resentment Scale (AAR) is made up of six statements that capture the negative outlook of the minority population: (1) Asian-Americans think they are smarter than others, (2) Asian-Americans are too competitive for success, (3) Asian-Americans try to do too much, (4) Asian-Americans make the job market too much. Competitive, (5) Asian-Americans want to embrace American values more, and (6) it’s boring when Asian-Americans speak in their own language in public places. Scale validity tests can be found at Kim (Reference Kim2022).
8 For the purposes of this study, I use the terms symbolic racism and anti-African American (racial) resentment interchangeably. Response characteristics for all scales, from Strongly disagree (1) to Strongly agree (5).
9 More than 86% of respondents passed the post-processing evidence-based manipulation test, demonstrating a sufficiently good point of care for experimental stimuli. Following Kane and Barabas (Reference Kane and Barabas 2019), I included all respondents, regardless of responses to the tamper test, in my analyses. As shown in Appendix Table 21, the effects remain physically powerful in Americans who fail the test.
10 See Annex, Tables 18 to 21.
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annex
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