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Montevideo – The indigenous peoples of the Amazon have already noticed that their lands of origin devastated by illegal deforestation, commercial agriculture, mining, oil exploration and the illegal profession of their ancestral territories.
Now, the coronavirus pandemic has amplified its plight, as wildfires are unleashed again.
The Amazon, the world’s largest rainforest, is an important resource in the fight against climate change: it covers more than 7.4 million square kilometers (2.85 million square miles).
It covers 40% of South America and covers nine countries and territories: Brazil, Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela.
Approximately 3 million other indigenous people, members of 400 tribes, live there, according to the Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (OTCA). Approximately 60 of these tribes live in general isolation.
The following is a retrospective look at how the new coronavirus has had in the Amazon rainforest and how those communities are handling the crisis.
In mid-March, panic hit Carauari in western Brazil.
Carauari is home to one of the most remote communities in the world and is available through a week-long boat trip from Manaus, the nearest big city.
At first, it was thought that the virus was a long way from the multicolored houses on stilts than the Jurua River, a tributary of the Amazon.
But the announcement of the first case in Manaus, the regional capital of the state of Amazonas, caused temporary panic in the community.
No one in Carauari had forgotten how the diseases brought by European colonizers destroyed the indigenous populations of the Americas, eliminating them almost entirely because of their lack of immunity.
“We pray to God not to bring this epidemic here. We do everything we can, we wash our hands, as we’re told on TV,” said José Barbosa das Gracas, 52.
The first case shown among Brazil’s indigenous population was shown in early April: a 20-year-old fitness employee of the Kokama tribe, who lived near the border with Colombia.
I had worked with a doctor who tested positive.
Feeling the developing threat, indigenous leaders and celebrities sounded the alarm and warned that Amazonian indigenous communities can be eliminated unaided.
“There are no doctors in our communities. There is no protective apparatus for prevention,” José Gregorio Díaz Mirabal, elected leader of the amazonian indigenous organizations collective, said last April.
For Yohana Pantevis, a 34-year-old Leticia resident in the Colombian state of Amazonas, “having poor health here is scary, but now we’re more afraid than ever.”
Brazilian photojournalist Sebastiao Salgado, known for his paintings in the Amazon, warned of “the enormousness of a real catastrophe”.
“If the virus enters the forest, we have no way of reaching them. The distances are huge. The natives will be abandoned,” said the 76-year-old man.
“I call it genocide: the elimination of an ethnic organization and its culture,” he said, accusing Brazil’s far-right president, Jair Bolsonaro, of anti-indigenous policies.
In early June, iconic indigenous leader Raoni Metuktire accused Bolsonaro of not “taking credit for this disease.”
“He says, “The Indians will have to die, we’ll have to take them down,” he said in an interview.
In mid-June, the small indigenous village of Cruzeirinho in Brazil with its wooden huts left virtually abandoned as maximum citizens, for fear of a coronavirus infection, fled into the jungle.
They “preferred to take everything they had into the forest and avoid contact with others,” said resident Bene Mayuruna, who among the few who stayed.
The Brazilian army has deployed a fitness team in Cruzeirinho to treat other members of the local tribe.
A week’s boat from Cruzeirinho, the population of the Umariacu Indigenous Reserve followed another strategy: they blocked all foreigners in their villages.
“Warning: Indigenous lands. Closed for 15 days,” it reads on a hand-painted sign next to a retainer at the front of the reserve.
The domain covers 5,000 hectares (12,000 acres) in northern Brazil, near the borders with Peru and Colombia, and is home to some 7,000 people.
To avoid dependence on Brazil’s public fitness system, indigenous peoples, to the maximum, resort to their ancestral traditions.
In mid-May, members of the Satere Mawe ethnic group, dressed in feathered and leafy headdresses, toured the river in search of medicinal plants.
“We treat our symptoms with our own classic remedies, as our ancestors taught us,” said Andre Satere Mawe, a tribal leader who lives in a rural area outside Manaus.
Satere Mawe remedies come with teas made from the bark of the Carapanauba tree, which has anti-inflammatory properties, or the saracuramira tree, an antimalarial.
In Manaus, Maria Nunes Sinimbu saw five members of her COVID-19 family circle die in less than a month, adding up to 3 of her 12 children.
“My daughter didn’t think this disease was that serious. He continued to paint and normally, without taking precautions,” said the 76-year-old retired teacher.
Last July, the Panamanian Church Network reported that more than 27,500 indigenous people belonging to 190 tribes had swelled up on the continent with more than 1,100 deaths.
Among those affected were prominent tribal leaders such as Paulinho Paiakan and Aritana Yawalapiti in Brazil, and Santiago Manuin in Peru.
For many other indigenous people living in the center of the rainforest, the fitness crisis has left them with a ruthless choice: stay in their villages with limited medical resources or head to larger cities where they might not be to perform ancestral funeral rites.
Brazil’s Lucita Sanoma lost her 2-month-old baby on May 25. The boy was unknowingly buried three hundred kilometers (185 miles) from his village home after dying in a hospital in Boa Vista.
The burial followed the government’s fitness guidelines, but opposed the traditions of his Yanomami tribe, which dictate that the deceased must be left out in the woods before his bones are collected and incinerated.
The ashes are kept in an urn long before even though everything is buried in a new ceremony.
In Colombia, Ticuna’s headline, Remberto Cahuamari, expressed in early June the fear that the loss of the older generation due to COVID-19 would mean an end to the transmission of ancestral wisdom.
“We would end up with our other young people who, in the future, will know nothing about our cultures and customs. That’s what scares us,” he said.
Added to this is the risk of isolation as riverside villages are isolated when the government suspends the movement of ships in an effort to stop the virus.
For the Yanomami people, illegal gold miners are the main ones on their territory, a vast expanse of territory on Brazil’s border with Venezuela that is home to some 27,000 people.
“Without that, everything would be fine,” said indigenous leader Mauricio Yekuana, whose white contrasts with his black face paint.
According to NGO, some 20,000 gold miners make normal raids on indigenous lands, encouraged through Bolsonaro, who “integrate” those spaces with “modernity”.
But Greenpeace Brazil warns that gold miners are “potential emitters” of COVID-19.
An examination conducted through the University of Minas Gerais showed that up to 40% of Yanomami living near mining spaces were at risk of inflamed with the virus if nothing was done.
While the world’s focus is on coronavirus, wildfires continue to devastate the Amazon after a 2019 year already complicated.
Land hoarders in Brazil must drive deforestation to make way for soybean or grass plantations for livestock, two key exports. The resumption of fires is an accident.
“What I saw in the rots was that the trees had already been felled, they just hadn’t burned yet,” said Erika Berenguer, a researcher at the universities of Oxford and Lancaster, in June.
She said “breathing disorders caused by fires” can make matters worse for those who contract the coronavirus.
The government has limited capacity to prevent deforestation and is complicit in operations.
The most recent figures give rise to a bleak reading: Amazon deforestation in the first part of the year is 25% higher than the same time in 2019, which is already a record, said Brazil’s national area firm, INPE.
Experts are concerned that August is devastating.
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