Southeast Asia between autocratization and democratic resurgence Jasmin Lorch, Janjira Sombatpoonsiri
Watchers and partners: Taiwanese civil society organizations Ming-sho Ho
Dark clouds and silver lights: authoritarianism and civics in India Vijayan MJ
Coronavirus and civic activism in the Middle East and North Africa Youssef Cherif, Hafsa Halawa, Zihnio-lu
Civil society government in Eastern Europe and Central Asia Rostislav Valvoda
The coronavirus crisis as in Ukraine Natalia Shapovalova
Georgia’s fight against coronavirus: fusion of state resilience and Elene Panchulidze company Mariam Tsitsikashvili
The confrontation with cooperation in Polish and Romanian civil society Cristina Buza-u, PaweMarczewski
Closing the gaps in democracy in the Western Balkans Ilina Neshikj, Biljana Spasovska
Claiming the legitimacy of civil society in Zimbabwe Maureen Kademaunga, Otto Saki
An improved civil society in the United States David Wong
The coronavirus and the realities of civil society in Latin America Federico M. Rossi, Marisa von Bolow
Table of materials
In Latin America, the coronavirus pandemic has triggered an intense wave of civil society activity. By July 2020, the pandemic had spread alarmingly throughout the region and threatened to leave even deeper poverty and inequality behind. 1 Government responses to the crisis have been radically delayed; above all, this variation determined the type of civic activism he printed in each Latin American country.
Reports from Brazil and Argentina are instructive, Brazil’s central government has refused to take the pandemic seriously, leading to endless mobilizations and deepening the country’s political polarization. More cooperative participation bureaucracy. The size of the pandemic in civil society has been in Latin America, while its implications have been diverse in the region.
The coronavirus crisis reached Latin America at a time when the region was already in crisis, chronic inequality and discontent with democracy had fuelled major street protests in Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela in the months leading up to the pandemic. . 2 Initially, concern about the virus and the implementation of physical estating measures led to a drastic reduction in protest mobilization. In many countries, the pandemic has given the political government a respite from the pressures of protests.
In Chile, this allowed the weak and mislegited government to come into force and postpone a referendum on a new national constitution, which had been a key call for protesters. 3 In Bolivia, the interim authoritarian government used the pandemic to justify the postponement of a presidential election. and suppress democratic opposition, therefore in force. 4 In Uruguay, a new right-wing coalition has limited the right to strike, a resolution criticized by the International Labour Organization and the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, who argued that it violated the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights5.
However, the calm did not last long. In addition to past complaints, popular frustration with government responses to the pandemic is greater. Although governments have followed emergency aid plans, the budget has come behind and is inadequate for the many other people who paint in the informal sector and live in overcrowded slums. And without a social safety net, Latin America’s informal economy has continued out of necessity despite blockade measures and higher cases and coronavirus deaths.
Civic actors began to mobilize quickly. Protests have spread, most commonly targeting the economic benefits of coronavirus restrictions, with calls for the reopening of the economy and increased government assistance in alleviating the crisis. 6 In addition, the region’s fitness staff have organized demonstrations to call for greater career situations. In some cases, protesters have adapted their strategies to physical estating regulations. In Colombia, others hung pieces of red cloth on doors and windows to express their displeasure at the economic brutality affecting physical estating. policies and lack of government assistance In Peru, activists pasted photographs of coronavirus sufferers in the backing of a cathedral chairs to honor the dead and raise awareness of government policies.
At the same time, civil society actors have turned to social media more intensely than before and with new methods. Mexican activists and non-governmental human rights organizations (NGOs) celebrated Mother’s Day with a virtual march for devoid children. 7 New coalitions of media activists and NGOs have introduced campaigns on a wide variety of social media platforms and applications to combat disinformation about coronavirus. 8
Each government reacted to the crisis. Some governments have done little: those in Brazil and Mexico have downplayed the effects of the pandemic9, while those in Bolivia and Chile have opted for conservative and market-friendly approaches and refused to put into force strong social policy responses10. In these countries, civil society has had to compensate for the lack of state action and foyer for the government to take the stage seriously.
Other governments have acted, provoking a very different reaction from civil society. In Argentina, the government has carried out a concerted social and fitness action. In Paraguay and Uruguay, small populations have helped the government spread the virus. has been proactive and constructive; Uruguay, was institutionally rooted; Paraguay, the mobilizations have been largely ineffective.
By May 2020, Brazil had the fastest development rate of coronavirus infection in the world and, at the same time, was one of the least tested countries for the virus, meaning that the official number of inflamed and dead, dramatic, probably underestimated a much worse reality. 11
Brazil’s economic and fitness crisis has crossed paths with a deep political crisis. 12 President Jair Bolsonaro has systematically minimized the risks of coronavirus. Although the death toll soared, he was willing to continue dining in restaurants and participating in street photo shoots and business activities Bolsonaro’s denialist technique has exacerbated political tensions and divisions even among government supporters. In April, the health minister was fired because of public disagreements with the president over how to combat the pandemic.
In this context, civil society organizations (CSOs) have had to mobilize to fill the void left through the Bolsonaro government and fight government-sponsored disinformation campaigns about the pandemic. 13 A stakeholder organization temporarily introduced emergency reaction projects for the poorest sectors. Local organizations and social movements have teamed up with businesses to collect and distribute food, clean up, and provide medical supplies. NGOs have created project directories for donors to locate projects to support. A directory lists more than 800 projects across the country as of May 14.
Other local projects have sought to provide mental services to others with difficulties dealing with isolation, i. e. when they are related to disorders such as domestic violence. 15 Others have provided greater fitness facilities in troubled neighborhoods. In the parais-polis slum on the outskirts of Sao Paulo, the network raised donations to pay for medical equipment, ambulances and tests; in some other type of initiative, teams from poor urban communities worked to produce accurate data on the coronavirus. A network newspaper in Rio de Janeiro, Voz da Comunidade (Community Voice), has created a smartphone app to demystify erroneous data and disseminate reliable data. 16
Civil society actors have also prompted the state to respond to the pandemic. At the national level, NGOs, industrial unions and social movements have formed a broad coalition to paint on greater legislation for crises. The coalition effectively advocated for an emergency aid fund at the Brazilian National Congress. At the same time, demonstrations were held to denounce useless or absent-government coronavirus policies, with convivialities, street protests and social media activism. 17 At the local level, civil society actors also protested and emphasized municipal governments to invest more in the public. Fitness services. Human and indigenous rights organizations have denounced the Brazilian government to the United Nations and the Organization of American States for their genocidal policy against indigenous peoples in the pandemic.
Many civil society organizations have adapted their paintings to the pandemic and have focused more on distributing food and materials safely. The photographs of 425 street presidents, volunteers two meters away on a football field in Parais-polis, are iconic. 18 In addition, civil society actors have creatively combined online and offline activism. Although the first is not new, the pandemic has led to an increase in podcasts and a new protest bureaucracy, such as virtual marches. Media activists have introduced campaigns that use classical radio and the new bureaucracy of consciousness, such as Twitter hashtags19.
Some civil society teams have sought to link the pandemic to their other programmes. Street protesters connected police brutality and racism with blacks’ vulnerability to the coronavirus. A strike through food-sharing drivers has linked workers’ rights to fitness risks. 20 In addition, new OSC coalitions have emerged to press for Bolsonaro’s impe-trial, linking the country’s desire to protect the country’s democracy with disastrous federal policies against the pandemic.
Despite new activism, civil society teams face serious investment disorders due to the economic effects of the pandemic. 21 Another challenge stems from the divisions between the progressive and conservative sectors of civil society. Brazil’s political polarization has infected the debate over Bolsonaro’s supporters took to the streets to protect it, denounced restrictive measures to involve the virus, and disseminated false data on the disease and its treatment. 22 Post-pandemic activism is even more strongly connected to Brazil’s political crisis.
The coronavirus arrived in Argentina when President Alberto Fernández’s new center-left government had just taken power. Fernandez had to make opposite adjustments through the former government of Centroderecha, such as the reopening of the ministries of fitness, schooling and science, all closed in 2018 after spending cuts. 23 Despite the tension that the pandemic was already charging, until July 2020, the government controlled the epidemic and saved it from collapsing the country’s fitness system. 24
Above all, the new Argentine government relied on the active of many social motions. 25 Within the Ministry of Social Development, social teams such as the picket motion introduced several vital projects for eventual staff and the deficient ones who had lost their jobs. the government implemented a universal citizenship income source policy, which was paid monthly to those who were deficient, unemployed and eventually. 26
The government has fostered coordination between scientists and popular movements through its Peronist political leadership. 27 This cooperation has led to the deactivation of maximum progressive demonstrations and the construction of synergies between government and civil society to combat the pandemic. The networks of the Together for Change coalition worked to boycott closure and any government resolution involving further intervention in the economy to provide a social reaction to the pandemic. 28 In short, the new government worked with a variety of social movements and was a success in containing the pandemic and resisting conservative civic pressure.
The industry’s union motion was divided into its responses to the pandemic. The Conservative General Confederation of Workers negotiated a 25% pay cut in exchange for task security closure. 29 In contrast, progressive basic unions and factory unions have started pickets, held shifts and staggered movements to prevent factories from closing, is not an easy protective device to prevent labour contagion and is not an easy wage surplus for essential tasks. 30 In maximum essential tasks. 30 In maximum tasks. Protesters have achieved their goals. This active social and labour rights schedule has also prioritized investments in clinical and medical research, as well as the regulation of the costs of medicines, food, cleaning products and utilities. 31
Anti-hetdown and anti-scientific activism has not gained as much traction in Argentina as in Brazil, however, some right-wing protesters claimed that closure limited freedoms in what they called an infection (infect-dictatorship) and that economic regulations led Argentina to a communist regime32. of the fitness crisis. These teams protested along the classic nationalist lines with Argentine flags and were basically composed of conservative, white, wealthy and upper-middle-class citizens. 33 While these demonstrations were modest, they did not respect the protocols of physical estating. 34
Social organizations, such as the Confederation of Workers of the People’s Economy (CTEP) and the Mothers of Plaza de Mayo, have taken their activism to the next level, saying that the pandemic has made economic and political reform more necessary. long-term. CTEP proposed the so-called Marshall Criollo Plan for the reconstruction of social coverage and urbanization in the slums of Buenos Aires, where more than 3. 5 million people live in poverty. Arrangements such as the legalization of abortion are forgotten.
The government’s responses to the pandemic have varied significantly in Latin America and shaped many other civil society responses in each country. Brazil-Argentina comparison shows this in transparent terms. In Brazil, progressive civic activists have had to adopt defensive methods. critical of the denialist government. A political crisis has spread to civil society; In turn, civil society divisions have fueled the political crisis. In Argentina, civil society actors approached the pandemic as an opportunity to play a more influential and constructive political role in concert with the ruling coalition.
Across Latin America, it will be difficult to impose uncompromising restrictions on coronaviruses, as others have the informal economy and the public budget is not enough to help them overcome the crisis, creating a vicious cycle. The less policies of physical estating are followed, the more difficult it will be for countries to reopen without risking the collapse of their fitness systems. In Brazil and Argentina, there is likely to be greater tension between the conservative and progressive sectors, with progressives. activists pushing for ambitious social and economic reforms, while conservative actors will mobilize to oppose new state interventions and social programs. In both cases and in other Latin American countries, the key question is whether conflicting dynamics or cooperatives will be more powerful in the long run. Run.
1 Alicia Burcena, “The Social Challenge in COVID-19 Times,” Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean, May 12, 2020, https://www. cepal. org/sites/default/files/presentation/files/ social_challenge_in_timescovid19_en. pdf.
2 “Global Protest Tracker”, Carnegie Foundation for International Peace, https://carnegieendowment. org/publications/interactive/protest-tracker.
3 For an investigation of the 2019 Chilean protests, see Nicols Somma et al. , “There is no water in the oasis: the Chilean spring of 2019-2020”, Studies of social movements (2020).
4 “Bolivia: requested by the asylums angeles in los Angeles embassy of Mexico in La Paz”, Argentine time, July 19, 2020, https://www. tiempoar. com. ar/nota/bolivia-solicitada-por-los-asilos angelesdos-en-los angeles-embassy-de-mexico-en-los angeles-paz; “Bolivia: mass protests and coupistas a los angelesrmados”, Tiempo Argentino, July 19, 2020, https://www. tiempoar. com. ar/nota/bolivia-protestas-masivas-y-golpistas-alos angelesrmados.
5 “The ILO calls for the review of luc angels’ items on pickets,” The Observer, 23 May 2020, https://www. elobservador. com. uy/nota/los angeles-ilo-asks- to have-they-check-the-articles-of-the-angeles-luc-on-pickets – 202052217560; “In the press” Uruguay: contina debates by law of pushing for consideration, “United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, 12 June 2020, https://acnudh. org/en-los angeles-press-Uruguay-continua-debate -by-law-de-press-consideration /.
6 See knowledge of pandemic occasions in Latin America collected through COVID-19 Disorder Tracker of the Armed Conflict Location and Event Data Project, available at https://acledknowledge. com/analysis/COVID-19-disorder-tracker/Array
7 Thomas Aureliani, “The Virtual March of the Mothers of the Disappeared in Mexico”, Datactive, University of Amsterdam, 25 May 2020, https://data-activism. net/2020/05/bigdatasur-covid-la-marcha – virtual-de-las-madres-de-los-desaparecidos-en-mexico /.
8 See, for example, the Crusade – Take itEnSerioMX, led through a coalition of Mexican CSO (https://verificado. com. mx/tomateloenseriomx/), and the #coronanasperiferias Crusade in Brazil (http://periferiaemmovimento. com. Br / communicators-peripheries-se-unem-em-coalizao-national-pra-fac-pandemic /).
9 Juliet Nassau and Dolores Caviglia, “Deniers: the leders who chose to underestimate the coronavirus and now face their havoc,” La Nacion, April 15, 2020, https://www. lanacion. com. ar/el-mundo/ denier-leaders-virus-underestimated-appealed-theorias-conspirators-nid2352515.
10 Javier Ozollo, “Argentina and Chile vs. coronavirus, differences in form and background”, P-gina 12, 21 May 2020, https://www. pagina12. com. ar/267109-argentina-y-chile-frente – al-coronavirus-differences-form; “Bolivia: massive march against the de facto government in the midst of the collapse of the health system”, Tiempo Argentina, 14 July 2020, https://www. tiempoar. com. ar/nota/bolivia-masiva-marcha-contra-el – government -de-facto-in-full-collapse-of-the-system-health.
11 Gabriela S-Pessoa, “In addition to inflating data, Brazil and two countries that least test for covid-19” [Even inflating the data, Brazil is one of the countries with the least covid-19], UOL, July 3, 2020 , https://noticias. uol. com. br/saude/ultimas-noticias/redacao/2020/07/03/mesmo-com-testes-rapidos-brasil-testa-menos-que-paises-menos-afetados. htm .
12 Marisa von Bolow and Mariana Llanos, “The Risks and l’mites of a Polarizing President”, El País, 24 March 2020, https://elpais. com/elpais/2020/03/23/opinion/1584976654_405615. html.
13 For more detailed studies focusing on civil society responses in urban peripheries, see Rebecca Abers and Marisa von Bolow, “The Struggle of Civil Society Groups in the Urban Peripheries of Brazil (March-June 2020) “, study report 01, Repository of Civil Society Initiatives against the Pandemic, Brasilia, June 30, 2020, available at https://resocie. org/relatorios-de-pesquisa-do-repositorio/.
14 “Platform das preticas colaborativas de fighte ‘ covid-19 e das redes de solidariedade” [Platform of collaborative practices to combat covid-19 and networks of solidarity], Collaborative Map, https://mapacolaborativo. org. br/
15 Directory of civil society initiatives against the pandemic, www. resocie. org.
16 “Coronavirus”, Voz das Comunidades, https://www. vozdascomunidades. com. br/coronavirus/.
17 von Bolow and Llanos, “The Risks”.
18 See photo in “Parais-polis tries to protect its residents against coronav-rus” [Parais-polis tries its citizens from coronavirus], Folha de S. Paulo, March 26, 2020, https://fotografia. folha. uol . com. br/ galerias / 1662282611092175-appearropolis-tenta-protect-seus-dwellers-against-coronavirus.
19 See examples of virtual activism in “Digital Anti or CrownTivism”, ReSocie, https://resocie. org/inicial/projetos-e-eventos/repositorio-pandemia/ativismo-virtual-contra -o -crown /.
20 Gabriel Francisco Ribeiro, “E strike: delivery men param hoje e fazem desafio ‘ economia dos aplicativos” [It is a strike: deliverymen prevent and challenge the economy of applications], Tilt, 1 July 2020, https://www. uolArraycom . br / tilt / news / writing / 2020/07/01 / e-greve-delivery-param-hoje-e-fazem-desafio-a-economia-dos-aplicativos. htm.
21 Abers and von Bolow, “The Struggle of Civil Society Groups”.
22 Alex Rodrigues, “Polya civil investigates v-deo falso de caixes buried com pedras” [Civil police fake video of coffins buried with stones], Agnoncia Brasil, 5 May 2020, https://agenciabrasil. ebc. com. br / geral / news / 2020-05 / policea-civil-investiga-video-false-de-caixoes-enterrados-com-pedras.
23 “The Formaliz Government” los angeles elmination of several ministries, P-gina 12, September 3, 2018, https://www. pagina12. com. ar/139734-gabinete-ajustado.
24 “Coronavirus in Argentina: the key data of Alberto Fernández’s announcement”, Page 12, July 17, 2020, https://www. pagina12. com. ar/279158-coronavirus-en-argentina-los-datos-claves- of the -ad-de-alb.
25 Francisco Longa and Melina Vazquez, “Peronism made with the angels three branches of the movement a ring to advance the angels social struggle”, Working Nation, http://the angelesnaciontrabajadora. com. ar/gobierno-alberto/.
26 “Emergency Family Income”, National Social Security Administration of Argentina, https://www. anses. gob. ar/ingreso-familiar-de-emergencia.
27 Jonathan Raed, “From the social organization to the state: very women from populous neighborhoods of angels who came to the angels function public”, TiempoArgentino, June 3, 2020, https://www. tiempoar. com. ar/nota/de-los angeles-organisation-social-al-state-three-women-of-neighborhoods-populos angelesres-who-arrived-to-function-public; Tali Goldman, “The militant that comes to improve the angeles life of the populous neighborhoods of angels”, TiempoArgentino, July 19, 2020, https://www. tiempoar. com. ar/nota/los angels-militant-that-comes- a-improve-los-angeles-life-of-the-neighborhood-populos angels; “Unprecedented call has Researchers from the Conicet to Govern,” P-nina 12, February 26, 2020, https://www. pagina12. com. ar/249571-inedita-convocatoria-a-investigadores-del-conicet-para-gober.
28 “Bullrich’s anti-quarentena strategy complicates Larreta and the PRO’s mayors”, La Pol-tica Online, 31 May 2020, https://www. lapoliticaonline. com/nota/126964-la-estrategia-anticuarentena-de-bullrich – complica-a-larreta-y-los-intendentes-del-pro /.
29 Elizabeth Peger, “The Government agrees” with UIA and CGT a drop of 25% for suspended workers”, El Cronista, 27 April 2020, https://www. cronista. com/economiapolitica/El-Gobierno-pacto-con – UIA-y-CGT-a-low-wage-of-25-for-worker-suspended-20200427-0053. html.
30 “We repudiate the angels repression against workers in Mendoza”, Central Union of Argentine Workers, July 5, 2020, http://ctanacional. org/dev/repudiamos-los angeles-represion-contra-workers-y-workers-en -mendoza /; “The work in the quarantine angels: the angels relos Angelesborales one month from the aislos angelesmiento, social, preventive and obligatory”, Central Union of Argentine Workers, May 4, 2020, http://ctanacional. org/dev/el- work-in-los angeles-quarantine-los angeless-relos angelesciones-los angelesborales-a-mes-del-aislos angelesmiento-social-preventive-y-obligator- Leonardo Diego Chazarreta, “Cerdoba, Brutal represion to transport workers, “Central Union of Argentine Workers, July 1, 2020, https://www. cta. org. ar/cordoba-brutal-represion-a-los. html; Jonathan Raed, “Truckers Blocked Free Market Shipping, which accuses the Moyano for “extortion,” Argentine Time, July 16, 2020, https://www. tiempoar. com. ar/nota/camioneros-bloqueo-envios- from-market-free-that-accuse-to-the-moyano-by-extortion.
31 Christoph Ernst and Elva Lopez Mourelo, “COVID-19 and the world of work in Argentina: impact and responses of policy-tica”, International Labour Organization, April 20, 2020, https://www. ilo. org/wcmsp5/groups /public/—Americas/—ro-lima/—ilo-buenos_aires/documents/publication/wcms_740742. pdf; “The national government freezes fixed and mobile telephone, and pay TV tariffs,” Casa Rosada, May 18, 2020, https://www. casarosada. gob. ar/slider-principal/46874-el-gobierno-nacional- freezes-fixed-and-mobile-and-tv-pay-rates.
32 Rodrigo Lloret, “Decologo de los angeles militancia anticuarentena”, Profile, June 28, 2020, https://www. perfil. com/noticias/columnistas/decalogo-de-los angeles-militancy-anti-quarentena. phtml; Ernesto Tenembaum, “The falos angelesces (and a little irresponsible) arguments of the ‘anti-quarentena’, ‘InfoBae, 24 May 2020, https://www. infobae. com/opinion/2020/05/24/los-argumentos- falos angelesces-ya-poco-irresponsible-de-los-anti-quarentena /.
33 “Video: Anti-Semitic slogans in the angels anti-run anti-run of Buenos Aires”, Radio Jai, May 31, 2020, https://www. radiojai. com/index. php/2020/05/31/56048/consignas-antisemitas-en -los angeles-march-anti-quarentena-de-buenos-aires /; ‘Coronavirus: The Anti-Quarentena went to the Obelisk’, P-nina 12, June 7, 2020, https://www. pagina12. com. ar/270781-coronavirus-los-anticuarentena-fueron-al-obelisco.
34 “The anti-quarentena marched to the obelisk,” P-nina 12, May 30, 2020, https://www. pagina12. com. ar/269259-los-anticuarentena-marcharon-al-obelisco; “Marches and protests throughout the pas: crosses between health and anti-risk groups”, Profile, May 30, 2020, https://www. perfil. com/noticias/actualidad/caravana-por-la-libertad-manifestacion- anti-quarantine-good-aires. phtml.
35 “Mexico and Grabois impel plos angelesn to urbanize all the vile angels angels of the angels City and the Conurbano”, La Pol-tica Online, June 7, 2020, https://www. los angelespoliticaonline. com/nota/127124- maximo-y-grabois- impulsan-un-plos angelesn-para-urbanizar-all-los angeless-villos angeless-de-los angeles-city-y-el-conurbano /.
Southeast Asia between autocratization and democratic resurgence Jasmin Lorch, Janjira Sombatpoonsiri
Vigilantes and partners: Taiwanese civil society organizations Ming-sho Ho
Dark clouds and silver lights: authoritarianism and civics in India Vijayan MJ
Coronavirus and civic activism in the Middle East and North Africa Youssef Cherif, Hafsa Halawa, Zihnio-lu
Civil society government in Eastern Europe and Central Asia Rostislav Valvoda
The coronavirus crisis as in Ukraine Natalia Shapovalova
Georgia’s fight against coronavirus: merging the resilience of the state and the company Elene Panchulidze, Mariam Tsitsikashvili
The confrontation with cooperation in Polish and Romanian civil society Cristina Buza-u, PaweMarczewski
Closing the gaps in democracy in the Western Balkans Ilina Neshikj, Biljana Spasovska
Claiming the legitimacy of civil society in Zimbabwe Maureen Kademaunga, Otto Saki
Rise in civil society in the United States David Wong
The coronavirus and the realities of civil society in Latin America Federico M. Rossi, Marisa von Bolow
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