Established in the 8th century on the slopes of Mount Toham, Seokguram Cave is home to a monumental statue of Buddha hunting out to sea in a bhumisparsha mudra position. With the surrounding depictions of gods, bodhisattvas, and disciples, all realistically and delicately carved in top and low relief, it is a masterpiece of Buddhist art in the Far East. The Bulguksa Temple (built in 774) and the Seokguram Cave form a devotional architectural complex of exceptional importance.
Built in the 8th century on the slopes of Mount Toham, Seokguram Cave comprises a monumental statue of Buddha in the sea in the bhumisparsha mudra position. With depictions of deities, bodhisattvas and disciples surrounding it, carved in top reliefs and delicately bas-reliefs. and realism, it is a masterpiece of Far Eastern Buddhist art. The temple of Bulguksa, built in 774, in combination with the cave, constitutes an organization of devotional architecture of exceptional value.
石窟庵建于公元8世纪，位于吐含山的斜坡上，石窟庵内有一尊纪念佛像，该佛像以普密斯帕莎穆德拉姿势面朝着大海。 佛像周围有各种神仙、菩萨和信徒的 堪称远东地区佛教艺术杰作。 佛国寺（建于公元774年）和石窟庵意义的宗教建筑群。
In the churches of Thohamsan, the Royal Palace of Thohamsan is a monumental monument that is located in Lotto Square and inside the house. Ronou Моря. They are also realistic and easy to use in department stores and bars. Well, this is a guy who made the decision of the former president of Dalmatia. Храм пльгкса (построен В 774 г) го значения.
Located on the slope of Mount T’oham, Seokguram Cave was heated in the 8th century to build a monumental statue of Buddha in the bhumisparsha mudra position. Encircled with photographs of deities, bodhisattvas and disciples, sculpted in high-relief and bas-relief with wonderful delicacy and realism, this statue is a painting of Far Eastern Buddhist art. The Bulguksa temple, built in 774, bureaucracy combined with the design of a devout architectural ensemble of exceptional value.
Seokguram Cave located in the eighth eeuw uitgehouwen in Berg Toham. The cave houses a monumental monument of the Boeddha near its location in the ‘bhumisparsha mudra’ position. With the set of elements of God, bodhisattvas and disciples, realists and zorgvuldig created in top and long relief, he is described as a master in the art of histological art in oriental glass. The Bulguksa Temple, built in 774, gives off a homely smell on many terraces. Samen places the Seokguram cave inside an architectural complex devoted to an advertising company.
Brief Summary
Established in the 8th century by the Silla Dynasty, on the slopes of Mount Tohamsan, Seokguram Cave and Bulguksa Temple form a devotional architectural complex of exceptional importance. Prime Minister Kim Dae-seong initiated and oversaw the structure of the temple and cave, the Adjuster built in reminiscence of his parents in his current life and the latter in reminiscence of his parents from a past life.
Seokguram is a synthetic cave constructed of granite that includes an antechamber, a hall, and a main rotunda. It houses a monumental statue of Sakyamuni Buddha hunting out into the deep with his left hand in dhyana mudra, the mudra of concentration, and his right hand in bhumisparsa mudra, the position of the earth-touching mudra. Along with depictions of devas, bodhisattvas, and disciples, carved in upper and lower relief on the surrounding walls, the statues are a masterpiece of East Asian Buddhist art. The rotunda’s vaulted ceiling and front foyer employed a state-of-the-art structural strategy that involved the use of more than 360 stone slabs.
Bulguksa is a Buddhist temple complex consisting of a series of buildings on raised stone terraces. The Bulguksa Domain is divided into 3 spaces: Birojeon (the Hall of the Vairocana Buddha), Daeungjeon (the Hall of Great Light), and Geungnakjeon (the Hall of Supreme Bliss). These spaces and stone terraces were designed to constitute the land of Buddha. The stone terraces, bridges, and two pagodas – Seokgatap (Sakyamuni Pagoda) and Dabotap (Pagoda of Bountiful Treasures) – in front of the Daeungjeon testify to Silla’s beautiful masonry paintings.
Criterion (i): Seokguram Cave, with its Buddha statue surrounded by bodhisattvas, the ten disciples, eight divine guardians, two devas, and two vajrapanis, all carved from white granite, is a masterpiece of East Asian Buddhist art.
Criterion (iv): Seokguram Cave, with its man-made caves and stone carvings, and the related Bulguksa Temple with its wooden architecture and stone terraces, are a notable example of the devout Buddhist architecture that flourished in Gyeongju, capital of the Silla Kingdom in the 8th century, as an expression of Buddhist belief.
Integrity
The Seokguram Cave represents the enlightenment of the Buddha and the Bulguksa Temple represents the Buddhist utopia taking shape in the underworld. The two sites are strongly connected physically, traditionally, and culturally and all of their key elements are included within the property barriers.
The most significant threats facing Seokguram Cave are moisture and condensation, which lead to the growth of mold and moss. Weather-related damage to stone carvings is another threat. The structure of a concrete dome between 1913 and 1915 caused moisture accumulation and infiltration. In the 1960s, a concrete dome was placed at the top of the existing dome, to create a 1. 2m air hole between them and adjust airflow, reduce mould expansion and prevent further weather damage. A wooden antechamber was also added and the interior of the cave was enclosed through a glass wall to protect it from visitors and temperature changes.
Modifications to the original design of the cave between 1913 and 1915 and subsequent modifications to deal with the disruptions caused by it require further study. Temperature and humidity, as well as water infiltration, are thoroughly monitored and managed, and mitigation measures are implemented where necessary.
The main threats to the masonry of the Bulguksa Temple are acid rain, pollution, salt mist from the East Sea, and moss on the surface of the masonry. These threats are continuously monitored and investigated.
The fire poses the greatest risk to the integrity of the Bulguksa temple buildings, and requires on-site prevention and monitoring systems.
Authenticity
The main Buddha statue and most of the stone carvings have retained their original shape. After the partial collapse of the rotunda roof, the entire cave was dismantled and rebuilt and covered with a concrete dome between 1913 and 1915. A second concrete dome was added. These dramatic measures detracted from the authenticity of the cave’s form and, to a lesser extent, its materials, although they were appropriate at the time and in the face of serious deterioration. There has been no replenishment in service as and length of the cave.
The masonry structures of Bulguksa have retained their original shape and have only been partially repaired. The wooden buildings have been repaired and restored several times since the 16th century. All the recovery and repair of paintings was based on ancient studies and used classical fabrics and techniques.
Protection and control requirements.
Seokguram Cave has been designated a National Treasure and Bulguksa Temple has been designated a Historic Site under the Cultural Heritage Protection Act. Any adjustments to the existing form of the site require permission. They are included within the barriers of Gyeongju National Park, in which there are restrictions on the new structure. A Historic Cultural Environment Protection Zone has also been created that extends 500 meters from the site boundary, in which all structural works will need to be approved in advance.
At the national level, the Cultural Heritage Administration (CHA) is responsible for building and enforcing policies for the assets and the buffer zone, allocating monetary resources for their conservation. The city of Gyeongju is directly responsible for supervising the conservation and control of assets, in collaboration with the Korean National Park Service, while Bulguksa Temple is responsible for daily control. Regular daily monitoring and in-depth professional monitoring is carried out every 3 or 4 years.
The conservation of the paintings is carried out through cultural heritage conservation specialists who have passed the national certification exams in their individual areas of expertise. A fan has been removed from Seokguram Cave, the vibrations of which posed a risk, and the number of visitors is well controlled. At the Bulguksa Temple, acid rain, pollution, salt mists from the East Sea, and moss on the surface of the stone are closely monitored, and strategies to resolve these disorders are frequently studied. To protect the temple’s wooden structures from chimneys, a comprehensive study was carried out. A fire prevention system was installed in Bulguksa and video surveillance was installed at various points in the temple.
per year