By Allison Martell and Julie Steenhuysen
TORONTO / CHICAGO (Reuters) – High-level COVID-19 vaccines evolved in Russia and China represent a forward-looking gap: they are in a non-unusual bloodless virus that many other people have been exposed to, which prospectively restricts their effectiveness, according to some experts.
The CanSino Biologics vaccine, approved for military use in China, is a modified form of adenovirus five or Adfive. The company is in talks to seek emergency approval in several countries before completing large-scale testing, the Wall Street Journal reported last week.
A vaccine developed through the Gamaleya Institute in Moscow, approved in Russia before this month despite limited testing, is based on Ad5 and a less common adenovirus.
“I’m involved in the five ad simply because many other people are immune,” said Anna Durbin, a vaccine researcher at Johns Hopkins University. “I don’t know what your Array strategy is … may not be 70% effective. It may be 40% effective, and it’s greater than anything, until anything else happens.”
Vaccines are essential to end the pandemic that has killed more than 845,000 people worldwide. Gamaleya said his two-virus technique would solve Ad5’s immunity problems.
Both developers have years of experience and have approved Ad5-based Ebola vaccines. Neither CanSino nor Gamaleya responded to requests for comments.
Researchers have experimented with Ad5-based vaccines as opposed to infections for decades, but none are widely used. They use innocent viruses as “vectors” to carry the genes of the target virus, in this case the new coronavirus, to human cells, causing an immune reaction to fight the genuine virus.
But many other people already have antibodies opposed to Ad5, which can make the immune formula attack the coronavirus response vector, making those vaccines less effective.
Several researchers have selected adenovirus or administration mechanisms of choice. The University of Oxford and AstraZeneca founded their COVID-19 vaccine in a chimpanzee adenovirus, avoiding the Ad5 problem. Johnson-Johnson’s candidate uses Ad26, a rare strain.
Dr. Zhou Xing of McMaster University in Canada worked with CanSino on his first Ad5 vaccine for tuberculosis in 2011. His team is developing an inhaled COVID-19 Ad5 vaccine, with the theory that it can prevent pre-existing immunity problems.
“The Oxford candidate vaccine has an advantage” over the injected CanSino vaccine, he said.
Xing is also involved in the maximum doses of the Ad5 vector in the CanSino vaccine can cause fever, which fuels skepticism about the vaccine.
“I think they’ll get smart immunity in other people who don’t have antibodies to the vaccine, but a lot of other people do,” said Dr. Hildegund Ertl, director of the Wistar Institute’s Vaccine Center in Philadelphia.
In China and the United States, about 40% of others have maximum antibody levels after pre-Ad5 exposure. In Africa, it can be 80% successful, according to experts.
RISK OF HIV
Some scientists are also involved in the possibility that an Ad5 vaccine would likely increase your chances of getting HIV.
In a 2004 trial of an HIV vaccine founded at Merck and Co Ad5, others with pre-existing immunity were more vulnerable to the virus that causes AIDS, not less.
Researchers, who added Dr. Anthony Fauci, a U.S. infectious disease specialist, said in a 2015 paper that the appearance effect was likely unique to HIV vaccines. But they warned that the onset of HIV deserves to be monitored and after trials of all Ad5-based vaccines in at-risk populations.
“I would be involved in using these vaccines in any country or population at risk of HIV, and I position our country as one of them,” said Dr. Larry Corey, co-director of Vaccine Prevention against Coronavirus in the U.S. Network, principal investigator of Merck’s trial.
Gamaleya vaccine will be given in two doses: the first founded on Ad26, to J’s candidate
Alexander Gintsburg, director of Gamaleya, said the two-vector technique solves the challenge of immunity.Ertl said it might work well in other people who have been exposed to one of the two adenoviruses.
Many experts expressed skepticism about the Russian vaccine after the government stated its goal of handing it over to high-risk teams in October with the knowledge of large-scale fundamental trials.
“It’s a long way to demonstrate the protection and effectiveness of a vaccine,” said Dr. Dan Barouch, a Harvard vaccine researcher who helped design J’s COVID-19 vaccine
(Additional reporting by Christine Soares in New York, Kate Kelland in London, Polina Ivanova in Moscow and Roxanne Liu in Beijing; Editing by Caroline Humer and Bill Berkrot)
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