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BOSTON – The global COVID-19 vaccination campaign has saved an estimated 20 million lives. However, while existing COVID-19 vaccines provide coverage against severe illness, they do little to save infection and transmission.
Findings published in the journal Nature by physician-scientists at Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center (BIDMC) and colleagues recommend that it would be possible to improve COVID-19 coverage by administering the vaccine directly into the respiratory tract, the primary site. access to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
“The failure of the existing generation of intramuscular (IM) SARS-CoV-2 vaccines to block infection is most likely similar to their inability to induce physically powerful mucosal immune responses at the gateway,” said corresponding author Dan H. Barouch. , M. D. , PhD, Director of the BIDMC Center for Vaccine Research and Virology. ” In this study, we demonstrate that new immunization methods can particularly develop mucosal immunity in non-human primates and protective efficacy against mucosal viral challenge. “
Barouch and colleagues primed 40 adult rhesus macaques with the Ad26 COVID-19 vaccine (Janssen/Johnson & Johnson) administered intramuscularly (IM)–like the shot in the arm adults typically receive. Approximately a year later, the animals received a booster. Three groups received either a dose of the Ad26 vaccine via the IM route, the intranasal (IN) route (delivered via nasal spray) or intratracheal (IT) route (delivered by nebulizer or inhaler). A fourth group received a dose of the bivalent mRNA vaccine (Pfizer-BioNTech) by the IN route. A sham group received no boosters.
When the macaques were faced with a maximum dose of the virus, the researchers took samples of the animals’ blood, nasal and lung fluids to monitor their immune responses. They found that the computer-administered Ad26 booster provided near-complete coverage as opposed to the maximum dose. Exposure to SARS-CoV-2 and induced greater mucosal immunity than the IN or IM pathway. Conversely, enhancement of mRNA in has been shown to be ineffective, suggesting that improved formulations are most likely needed for effective mucosal delivery of mRNA vaccines.
“Taken together, these insights demonstrate that new vaccination methods can particularly develop mucosal immunity in non-human primates and protective efficacy against mucosal viral challenge,” Barouch said. “These insights recommend the feasibility of developing vaccines that block respiratory viral infections. “
Peers included peers Katherine McMahan, Malika Aid, Michaela Sciacca, Jinyan Liu, Nicole P. Hachmann, Jessica Miller, Catherine Jacob-Dolan, Olivia Powers, and David Hope, as well as Cindy Wu, Juliana Pereira, Tetyana Murdza. . , Camille R. Mazurek and Amelia Hoyt of BIDMC; co-first Frank Wegmann, as well as Jeroen Tolboom, Jan Serroyen, Laura Solforosi, Lea M. M. Costes and co-director Roland C. Zahn of Janssen Vaccines and Prevention B. V. ; Adrianus C. M. Boon of Washington University School of Medicine, St. John’sLouis; Meredith Davis-Gardner and Mehul S. Suthar of Emory School of Medicine; Amanda J. Martinot of Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine; and Mona Boursiquot, Anthony Cook, Laurent Pessaint, Mark G. Lewis, Hanne Andersen of Bioqual.
This work is supported by Janssen, the Gates Foundation (INV-027406, INV619 041469), the National Institutes of Health (CA260476), the Massachusetts Consortium for Pathogen Preparedness, and the Ragon Institute at MGH, MIT, and Harvard.
Barouch, Wegman and Zahn are co-inventors of the 635 provisional patents for the SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (63/121,482; 63/133,969; 63/135,182). Wegman, Tolboom, Serroyen, Solforosi, Costes and Zahn are workers and would possibly own shares in Janssen. The other authors do not report any other conflicts of interest.
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center is a leading school-based medical center, where ordinary care is supported through high-quality education and research. BIDMC is a training subsidiary of Harvard Medical School and consistently ranks among the national leaders among independent hospitals in investment of the National Institutes of Health. BIDMC is the official hospital of the Boston Red Sox.
Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center is a part of Beth Israel Lahey Health, a health care system that brings together academic medical centers and teaching hospitals, community and specialty hospitals, more than 4,800 physicians and 38,000 employees in a shared mission to expand access to great care and advance the science and practice of medicine through groundbreaking research and education.
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