Also known as post-acute sequelae of COVID-19 (PASC), “long COVID” is a term used to describe the multisystem symptoms and headaches that some other people with COVID-19 experience after a severe infection with SARS-CoV-2 virus.
Some other people continue to have symptoms of COVID-19 for months or longer, recovering within a few weeks at most. The existing estimate is that about 10% of inflamed people suffer from COVID in the long term, which equates to at least 65 million. other people around the world.
Long-term incidences of COVID are higher in hospitalized Americans (accounting for about 50-70% of cases). There is no cure or remedy for long COVID, and the precise reasons for the disease are not yet fully understood. This article explores the pathophysiology of prolonged COVID along preclinical animal models that can be used to test candidate treatments and better perceive this condition.
Several organ formulas can be affected by a long COVID, adding the cardiovascular, respiratory, gastrointestinal and neurological formulas. Long COVID includes a variety of common symptoms, including chest pain, nausea, memory loss, tinnitus, reproductive formula dysfunction, fatigue, shortened breathing, palpitations, abdominal pain, and cognitive decline.
The reasons for those and other symptoms are still being studied, but initial research suggests they potentially overlap. It has been suggested that contributors to pathogenesis would possibly include:
A persistent infection can cause chronic inflammation and lead to long-term symptoms.
There are demanding situations expressed in the long-term follow-up of those patients with “mild COVID-19”, such as the fact that most long-term COVID-19 patients were hospitalized for their initial SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Long-term diagnosis and screening of COVID poses many challenges, such as gaps in the identity and follow-up of this express patient organization and a certain lack of knowledge of the non-respiratory sequelae of COVID-19 among health professionals.
Experimental exploration of the pathophysiology of prolonged COVID is vital, given the existing partiality of this complex disease. Therefore, the preclinical progression of effective curative interventions demands greater imitation of symptoms in laboratory models.
Significant efforts were introduced to provide access to diverse laboratory animal models some time after the onset of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. These efforts built on previous work done during the SARS-CoV outbreak and included Syrian golden hamster models, mouse (genetically modified), ferret, and non-human primate models.
It must be said that none of these models is capable of reproducing all facets of human disease, since each species has a tendency to expand a constant severity of symptoms. In other words, the heterogeneity of symptoms and severity of disease observed in humans cannot be observed in its entirety within a given animal model. Despite this drawback, those animal models usually show a viral presence in tissues outside the respiratory tract, such as the heart, kidneys, gastrointestinal tract, and central nervous system. .
In addition, in animals such as hamsters, long-term damage to the lungs and other tissues, namely the brain, center, and kidneys, has been reported. This damage may be the result of exaggerated local immune responses or local viral replication. Based on this long-term multi-organ disease profile, such experimental models are useful for interpreting long COVID. Only certain facets of long COVID (Figure 1) can be adequately replicated across each available species model.
A complex multisystem disease that is not yet well understood, long-term COVID has a significant effect on the quality of life of those affected. component of these studies. We know that preclinical styles are essential equipment to understand the mechanisms underlying prolonged COVID and test potential remedies, so a careful variety of the optimal style based on the studies in question is mandatory.
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Jansen EB et al. Once the virus is eliminated, can preclinical models be used for prolonged COVID research?PLoS Pathog. (2022), 18:e1010741. https://pubmed. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/36070309/
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Part of Figure 1 created with BioRender. com
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