Boosters that target omicron subvariants of SARS-CoV-2 still provide fairly durable protection against infection, hospitalization and death from COVID-19, according to new data from a study led by researchers at the UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health.
Published in the New England Journal of Medicine, the study found that COVID-19 boosters targeting the XBB. 1. 5 subvariants were most effective one month after receiving one. After four weeks, the vaccines were 52. 2% effective at preventing infection and 66. 8% effective at preventing infection. hospitalization.
The vaccines were also found to be highly effective at preventing deaths, but it was difficult to quantify the exact certainty given the small number of deaths reported during the study period.
After peaking at 4 weeks, the effectiveness of the booster decreased over time. Efficacy in preventing infection decreased to 32. 6% after 10 weeks and 20. 4% after 20 weeks, while efficacy in preventing hospitalization decreased to 57. 1% after 10 weeks.
Danyu Lin, PhD, Dennis Gillings Distinguished Professor in the Department of Biostatistics at the Gillings School, is the leader of the study. Other classmates come with Yangjianchen Xu from Gillings School; Yi Du, PhD, Sai Paritala, PharmD, and Matthew Donahue, MD, of the Nebraska Department of Health and Human Services; and Patrick Maloney, PhD, of the University of Nebraska Medical Center.
Using features from the Nebraska Electronic Disease Surveillance System and the Nebraska State Immunization Information System, the study team investigated the efficacy of vaccination before and after Oct. 25, 2023, when the JN. 1 variant began to emerge.
Vaccine efficacy decreases in the second group, suggesting that the booster is less protective than the now-dominant JN. 1 strain.
The JN. 1 subvariant was the dominant strain in the U. S. This year. The low efficacy of the XBB. 1. 5 vaccines unlike the JN. 1 subvariant, as well as their declining efficacy over time, underscores the need for new vaccines targeting the JN. 1 strain. “
Lin says the Food and Drug Administration’s overall strategy is to roll out new COVID-19 vaccines, both in the fall and fall, targeting strains circulating in the spring, and that the results of this study could help with that decision.
“It would be cost-effective to launch new vaccines of the JN. 1 strain this fall,” he said.
UNC Gillings School of Global Public Health
Lin, D. I. , et al. (2024) Durability of Omicron subvariants of XBB. 1. 5 vaccines. New England Journal of Medicine. It’s je. org/10. 1056/NEJMc2402779.
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