A novelty from the journal Pathogens examines SARS-CoV-2 infection in stranded cetaceans found dead along the Italian coast. CoV-2 cetaceans stranded along the Italian coast between 2020 and 2022.
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), which affects severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection, has caused more than 6. 53 million deaths worldwide. In addition to infecting humans, SARS-CoV-2 has the prospect to infect types of wild mammals.
Previously, SARS-CoV-2 became inflamed and reproduced in ferrets, cats, rabbits and farmed mink. In farmed mink, side effects have occurred in agriculture in Poland and the Netherlands.
Similar infections have been known in other mammals; However, most wild animals do not appear to play a significant role in the current spread of SARS-CoV-2 in humans, puppies hamsters have demonstrated the option of zoonotic spread. However, the flow of SARS-CoV-2 in animals may only herald the emergence of new variants by endangering them.
If, as in humans, SARS-CoV-2 infection in animals causes pneumonia, the animals may die, affecting wildlife conservation efforts. This type of effect on wildlife has been reported with cetacean morbillivirus (CeMV), which has caused many deaths in cetaceans.
Since cetaceans have angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptors homologous to those of humans, they are potentially vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection, especially given the wide host diversity of this virus. However, there is no evidence to the contrary. zoonosis.
Wastewater infected with SARS-CoV-2 can transmit the virus to vulnerable cetaceans and other aquatic species, depending on temperature, humidity, type of water treatment, presence of other microbes, and the effects of ultraviolet light and chemicals. In the meantime, SARS-CoV-2 can survive, especially in the cold, for more than 20 days at 4 °C or a week at 22 °C.
Cetaceans can also act as an herbal reservoir for zoonotic microbes, allowing SARS-CoV-2 tracking for stranded cetaceans.
Many more studies are needed to understand how these infections occur in mammals, what symptoms occur, whether ACE2 in cetacean macrophages mirrors that of human immune cells, and whether those cells become decoys or “Trojan horses” for SARS-CoV-2, allowing it to enter and anchor in the lung parenchyma.
SARS-CoV-2-specific antibodies were reported from 61 lung tissue samples and 25 swabs. ACE2 receptor expression remained intact, regardless of age, sex and species. However, the origin of the cetacean, wild or captive, showed a small association.
The existing small examination; Therefore, larger-scale studies are imperative to verify these associations.
The researchers evaluated the presence of ACE2 in lung samples from 4 animals belonging to S. coeruleoalba and T. truncatus related to the activation of the CD68 macrophage. This experiment aimed to explore the degree of ACE2 expression in inflammatory cells infiltrating the lungs.
The pulmonary intravascular macrophage (IMP) that engulfs and phagocytes foreign waste is found in the blood, while alveolar macrophages live in the lungs. ACE2 and CD68 molecules have been discovered in cells only in animals with infection caused by microbes.
Marine cetaceans want to be heavily monitored to prevent a resurgence of SARS-CoV-2 and the upcoming transmission to endangered species that live in close proximity to humans.
To date, 23 animal species from 36 countries are vulnerable to SARS-CoV-2 infection, resulting in nearly 680 animal outbreaks. As a result, scientists fear the possibility of contagion in humans and the possibility of causing new pandemics in the world. future.
Although the expression of ACE2 varied in these cetaceans according to age or sex, cetaceans in captivity showed a higher point of expression. This may simply be due to your higher tension points, resulting in higher cortisol points.
Alternatively, it may be similar to drugs used to treat animals in captivity. However, further long-term studies are needed to verify this association.
The existing study highlighted the critical role of neutrophils and macrophages in the innate inflammatory immune reaction to SARS-CoV-2. possibly implies that alveolar macrophages and PIMs are the first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 and possibly would be immediate targets of the virus.
From a fitness perspective, tracking stranded specimens for the SARS-CoV-2 infection surveillance regimen in marine mammals is imperative for human fitness and endangered marine mammal species.
Written By
Dr. Liji Thomas is an obstetrician and gynecologist, graduating from Government Medical College, University of Calicut, Kerala, in 2001. Liji served as a full-time obstetrics/gynecology representative at a personal hospital for a few years after graduating. She praised many patients facing disorders such as pregnancy and infertility, and has had a rate of more than 2,000 deliveries, striving to achieve a general rather than operative delivery.
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