In the recent Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, researchers from the United States (USA) have been able to report on their report. USA) reported autism spectrum disorder (ASD) among four-year-olds in 2020.
Study: Early identification of autism spectrum disorders in 4-year-old children – Developmental Disabilities and Autism Surveillance Network, 11 sites, United States, 2020 Image credit: atsaniuk/Shutterstock. com
ASD refers to a developmental disability characterized by impairments in communication and/or social interaction, repetitive behavior, and limited interests. The Developmental Disabilities and Autism Surveillance Network (ADDM) conducts active surveillance to assess the prevalence, characteristics, and timing of the autism spectrum. disorders in young people 4 to 8 years of age.
In this report, researchers reported on the prevalence of ASD in four-year-olds, compared to prevalence rates in eight-year-olds, before the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic in 2020.
In 2020, ASD surveillance was conducted at 11 sites (Arkansas, Arizona, Georgia, California, Minnesota, Maryland, New Jersey, Missouri, Utah, Tennessee, Wisconsin, and Utah) in pediatric ASD patients aged 4 to 8 years and 4 years with clinically suspected ASD.
Children in the ASD organization had earned (i) a diagnosis of ASD on assessments, (ii) a special school-based autism categorization (eligibility), or (iii) an International Classification of Diseases – Ninth Revision (ICD-9) or ICD-10 codes.
The team excluded children who received ICD codes for Rett syndrome without any other signs of ASD. Four-year-olds were suspected of having ASD in cases of unmet ASD case definitions, but positive reports documented through medical professionals indicated ASD.
Data were received from school and fitness records, the Early Intervention Part C Disability Education Act (IDEA) (Wisconsin, Utah, and Maryland), Medicaid, and other publicly funded disability programs (Wisconsin, California, and Arizona).
Data on the four-year-EE. UU. de population living at the watch sites were received from postcensal estimates across year of age and county point of the U. S. Census. UU. de 2021 to 2020. The team adjusted the estimates to the point of population enrollment in public schools. school districts at tracking sites. In cases where knowledge about ethnicity, gender or race was lacking, birth certificate data was used.
In 2020, the prevalence of ASD in four-year-olds varies across the U. S. sites. In the U. S. , ranging from 13. 0 for 1000 pediatric patients (Utah) to 46. 0 equivalent for 1000 pediatric patients (California). The overall prevalence of ASD 22 consistent with 1,000 pediatric population and consistent with male children.
Compared with non-Hispanic whites, ASD prevalence was higher for Hispanics, 1. 6 times higher for non-Hispanic blacks, 1. 8 times higher for Pacific Islanders, and 1. 4 times higher for Asians. The prevalence of ASD was 1. 2 times higher in ethnic youth. Among the 58% of four-year-old ASD patients with knowledge of intellectual abilities, 49% had IQ scores ≤ 70.
Across all sites, four-year-olds had a higher cumulative incidence of ASD than eight-year-olds, with threat rates (RRs) ranging from 1. 3 (in New Jersey and Utah citizens) to 2. 0 (in Tennessee citizens).
Among youth with documented developmental assessments, 78% were evaluated at age three. Rates ranged from 67% (Tennessee) to 88% (Arkansas) and were lower among blacks than Hispanics.
Six months before the World Health Organization’s (WHO) announcement of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) pandemic in March 2020, 1,593 additional tests and 1. 90 more cases of ASD were known among 1,000 4-year-old children. statistics 4 years earlier (when eight-year-olds were known).
Six months after the onset of COVID-19, the patterns were reversed with 217 fewer tests and 0. 3 lesser-known cases among 1000 4-year-old pediatric children compared to 4 years earlier.
Trfinishs returned to pre-pandemic rates until the end of 2020 at all sites. By 2020, assumed prevalence rates of ASD ranging from 0. 5 in California to 10 in Arkansas were observed among 1000 four-year-old pediatric children. in 2018 for Arkansas, Arizona, New Jersey, Utah and Maryland. Se observed similar cognitive and demographic characteristics in four-year-old children with ASD or suspected ASD.
The report concluded that the prevalence of ASD among 4-year-olds varies across sites, indicating differences in early detection practices for autism spectrum disorders in networked settings. of eight-year-olds, indicating innovations in the early identification of ASD.
The continued reduction in ASD testing and case identifications after the onset of COVID-19 indicates disruptions in physical care assessment related to the 2020 SARS-CoV-2 outbreak.
Sites with greater recovery can better mitigate interruptions in care, for example, by switching to remote practices for ASD assessments. Additional studies evaluating the impact of COVID-19-related disruptions on ASD identification and assessment may help expand mitigation methods. to avoid interruptions. This, in turn, can lead to increased practices in long-term pandemics and other population health emergencies. Early identification of ASD may influence disease control and improve outcomes.
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