In a bid for its forests and outstanding wildlife, Virunga has become the first national park to mine Bitcoin. But some wonder what the hell cryptography has to do with conservation.
The AK-47 is heavy with extra clips together, jungle-style, but the guy holding it doesn’t flinch as he patrols the densely forested mountain.
Here in eastern Congo, where returning Soviet weapons cost just $40 on the black market, militias use their dawa, or magic, to seize the land, timber, ivory and scarce minerals that have long been the promise and curse of this region.
But this guy in military uniform is not a militiaman. He is a rare authority figure in a largely runaway region: a ranger patrolling Virunga National Park, a prominent position for endangered mountain gorillas.
Today, however, his painting is different. In the park, a village just outside the park, protects the world’s first known Bitcoin mine operated through a national park. The one that works with blank energy. It’s a gamble that has emboldened many other people who paint in and around the park, and has sparked skepticism from experts who wonder what cryptography has to do with conservation.
Miners flocked to the country to take credit for reasonable power and flexible regulations. Today, most of them have moved in, leaving little decaying apparatus and social tensions.
On this rainy day at the end of March 2022, the guard went through 10 shipping boxes filled with thousands of rugged computers. Buzzing in the midday heat. Suddenly, something bright appears on the horizon. The beret is adjusted and pushed to secure a closure. by dirt track while a Cessna turns.
The plane soon lands on a dangerously steep and short runway, and lures its pilot, Emmanuel de Merode, the park’s 52-year-old director, for regime inspection. De Merode grabbed the leather strap of her bag with one hand; The other greets the rangers who bulge their breasts and stand directly in front of the sun. Clean-shaven and gray-haired, he is the only user in sight without a weapon. Behind him, the wings of the Cessna are full of bullet holes and covers. with adhesive tape.
De Merode walks past a barking dog and enters one of the boxes, one meter long and chrome green. Inside, surrounded by cables, laptops and the smell of frames, a team of technicians in mesh vests monitors the mine.
Throughout the day, those machines solve complex math disorders and are rewarded with a virtual currency worth thousands of dollars. They are fed through the huge hydroelectric plant located on this same mountain, which turns those boxes into a cathedral of green technology of the XXI century, surrounded by greener rainforest.
In many ways, the mere lifestyle of this operation defies all odds. Simply being in a weak region known for corruption and expanding deforestation, where foreign investment is as scarce as power grids and strong government, poses a number of problems. “Internet connection problems, climatic situations influencing production, isolated operation,” said Jonas Mbavumoja, 24, a graduate of the nearby university in Goma that runs the mine. There is also a risk that there will be dozens of teams nearby. Violence is not unusual here, and years of defense force activity, missile fire and machete attacks have left deep trauma.
This is a pivotal time for Africa’s oldest park. After 4 years of epidemics, pandemic closures and bloodshed, Virunga is in dire need of cash and the region desperately wants opportunities. The Congolese government provides only about 1% of the park’s operating budget, largely leaving it to fend for itself. That’s why Virunga is betting big on cryptocurrencies.
Bitcoin, however, is generally not related to the conservation or development of networks. It is known for the opposite. But here it’s part of a larger plan to turn Virunga’s coveted herbal resources, from land to hydropower, into benefits for the park and locals. While operations like this mine may not be conventional, they are cost-effective and environmentally friendly.
Profits from the Bitcoin sale are already helping to pay the park’s salaries, as well as its infrastructure projects like roads and water pumping stations. Elsewhere, electric power from other hydroelectric plants in the park supports modest advertising development.
This is how you build a sustainable economy connected to the park’s resources, de Merode says, even if the mine itself is a satisfied accident.
“We built the power plant and said we would build the grid gradually,” he said. “Then we had to shut down tourism in 2018 because of kidnappings [by rebels]. Then, in 2019, we had to shut down tourism because of Ebola. And 2020, the rest is history with covid For 4 years, all our tourism revenues, 40% of the park’s revenue, collapsed.
He adds: “It’s everything we expected, but we had to find a solution. Otherwise, we would have gone bankrupt as a national park. “
The park began mining in September 2020 when most of the world was locked, “and then the value of Bitcoin exploded,” he says. “We were lucky, for once. “
During this, at the end of March, Congolese miners discuss their progress with the director in French. Bitcoin is trading at around $44,000 and Merode predicts earnings of around $150,000 per month, close to what tourism had provided at its peak.
The now is whether his luck is over.
Nearly a decade ago, Virunga rose to fame thanks to a standout Netflix movie that showed the park dealing with an invasion and the risk of Big Oil. These risks have returned, putting everything at risk.
The Congolese government recently announced plans to auction oil rents in and around the park. This is just the beginning, but if drilling continues, it would mean altering key lives and wildlife habitats. It’s also no exaggeration to say that the planet’s fitness is at risk: the Congo Basin is the world’s largest rainforest, after the Amazon, and a carbon sink.
Meanwhile, a defense force called M23 is occupying the gorilla sector of the park and looting villages while fighting the Congolese army. In the past, the M23 has avoided direct confrontation with Virunga, but in recent months that seems to have changed.
At the most sensible of all that, the recent FTX crash and earthquake that shook the entire cryptocurrency industry means that De Merade’s bet could be seen as a Hail Mary. But each and every day of mining is natural profit, he says, so no matter how much Bitcoin’s value fluctuates, as long as it’s positive, it’s profitable.
In the face of those threats, de Merode believes Bitcoin mining may still be his asset. Neither altruist nor crypto scammer, he is a pragmatist willing to do anything.
If the park can work, it can work.
One of the first things you realize about this part of the Democratic Republic of Congo is how green it is: emerald oceans fed by heavy rainfall and volcanic soil. Virunga borders the Congo Basin on one side and Uganda and Rwanda on the other. Its 3,000 square miles are home to some of Africa’s land animals, adding about a third of the world’s last remaining mountain gorillas.
About five million people live outside the park; Most lack electricity to cook, light or heat their mud-covered homes. At the height of that, another 80,000 people live in the park. Many settled here before Virunga was established in 1925, when the country was under Belgian colonial rule; Others are refugees fleeing the latest violence.
This is why the park is a major source of charcoal, or makala in Swahili, and food, although agriculture, fishing, hunting and logging are illegal. % of its forest cover, and Merode estimates that $170 million worth of Virunga and ivory trees are lost each year. But the option for locals is not to pay local warlords or starve. These are the best situations for corruption.
“Congo is a puzzling position to make judgments. “
“The Congo is a puzzling position to make ethical judgments,” says Adam Hochschild, the director of King Leopold’s Ghost, which chronicles the harrowing reign of the Belgian monarch in the nineteenth century. Congo is more confused because of “its immensity, its other people who speak many languages and the colonization that was done to extract wealth,” he says. “In those circumstances, it is very complicated to have a just and equitable society. “
Conpass has almost as many displaced people as Ukraine and decades of conflict despite decades of UN peacekeeping. Most of the park’s stolen profits go to armed insurgent organizations, to which some citizens sign up for lack of greater options. Some are relics from beyond wars, adding the Rwandan genocide of 1994. Others may simply be connected to the Islamic State. The largest is the M23, a Tutsi-led organization so well-armed that the UN says Rwanda supports it (Rwanda denies this, but its economy relies heavily on Conpasslese’s resources).
As a result, Virunga is consistent with perhaps the only UNESCO site that buries its staff: more than two hundred rangers have been killed since 1996, an average of one per month. Cherubin Nolayambaje, who spent 8 years as a ranger, calls it “the world’s ultimate harmful task. “
Virunga’s approximately 800 rangers, numbering about 35 women, encounter armed rebels in the park and civilians who farm or live there illegally. Many citizens don’t even know the boundaries of the park, adds Samson Rukira, an activist from the nearby town of Rutshuru. Conservation requires network involvement to solve problems, he says, “we’re in spaces that aren’t safe, and that would possibly mean rangers can’t dialogue. “
De Merode is likely to interconnect court cases that Americans are denied access to the park’s vast wealth. “Hundreds of thousands, probably millions, of others are suffering what we hope will be a short-term charge to turn this park into a positive asset. If we fail, we do more harm than good,” he says. But passionately it can be reversed: this ecosystem, this park. “
Its plan to achieve this is based on the 3 hydroelectric plants that the park has opened since 2013, in Matebe, Mutwanga and Luviro; A room is under construction. If you can force your home, according to the theory, you don’t want to cut down trees for cooking. Electricity supports new jobs and businesses, such as coffee cooperatives and chia seed production. And, of course, the Bitcoin mine.
“This is the misconception that we need to correct as much as possible: that Virunga is all about wildlife,” de Merode continues. “No, it’s about the net through wildlife. Our role is to review to facilitate that. There’s no way to practice conservation in one of the world’s most troubled countries without local support, he says.
The Luviro plant, like all hydroelectric plants in Virunga, uses a river design, which means that electrical energy is generated through the consistency of the river rather than dams and reservoirs, which has a low environmental impact.
But its structure was daunting from the start. The workers first had to tear down the most sensitive mountain to build an airstrip, then dig paths in the rock with fundamental hand tools, under attack by the insurgents.
Then, halfway through construction, one of the park’s biggest benefactors, Howard Buffett (Warren’s son), finalized his donations due to a war of words with de Merode over how the budget was spent. Buffett, who has co-financed other projects in the park, calls de Merode “an amazing guy” but says the budget earmarked for the power plants was used to build a grid to supply that electricity to the provincial capital of Goma.
“They’re basically right,” admits de Merode, who insists nothing was diverted and then rushed to get $17 million in grants and loans from the EU and the U. K. to complete the Luviro project. Project, there is a power plant, but also the network around it. If you can’t supply electricity to the community, it doesn’t have much use. We made a clever mistake of faith.
However, those goals were a bit more confusing in remote Luviro. There were fewer potential consumers in the neighbouring network than in the Matebe and Mutwanga hydroelectric plants; The idea of building a network of strength, and buyers, gradually. But in the meantime, the plant would generate surplus electricity and the question of how to find something productive and profitable to do with it.
At the same time, there was another problem: in 2019, the Luviro plant was complete and the park still did not have enough cash to complete the structure and then turn on the factory.
“This is the misconception we need to correct the most: that Virunga is all about wildlife. No, it’s about the net through wildlife. “
Finally, de Merode and his colleagues came up with the idea that they could solve all those problems at once: buying Bitcoin platforms worth $200,000, which could generate short- and long-term profits and offer a viable way to use hydropower.
“Within weeks,” says de Merode, “we learned it was an ordinary solution. “
This solution was presented only about 4,000 miles and a global from Virunga, in a French castle in the Loire Valley. In February 2020, crypto investor Sébastien Gouspillou arrived at the Château de Serrant around noon, expecting a launch of some boast.
“It’s not very uncommon to rent a castle in France, it costs about the same as a hotel,” he explains.
Instead, he waved at the door through a princess whose circle of relatives had owned the castle since the eighteenth century. A few minutes later, she went to get Gouspillou’s lunch date: her son, Emmanuel de Mérode.
The director of Virunga Park was born in Tunisia in the Belgian nobility. At just 11 years old, he spent time with legendary lion guru George Adamson in Kenya. Later, he trained as an anthropologist and came to Congo in 1993 to help Garamba National. Park rangers and examines the bushmeat industry for his PhD. In 1999, he moved to Lopé National Park in Gabon, where he worked on gorilla habituation and ecotourism structure. That’s when he realized, “You have to be there for 20, 30 years to succeed. And I sought to be in eastern Congo.
De Merode arrived in Virunga in 2001 at the height of the civil war. He temporarily identified the importance of the rangers’ work, which was unpaid. Together with celebrated fossil hunter Richard Leakey (who would later become his father-in-law), he began raising cash to help his salaries.
He became director of the park in 2008, after a gorilla organization was killed and images of their killings that looked like executions sparked foreign outrage. In the ensuing chaos, the then-director of Virunga was arrested and state officials promised radical change; Perhaps there is nothing more radical than a Belgian prince taking a leading position in a former Belgian colony.
De Merode prevailed without delay. After two months of work, the rebels stormed the park’s headquarters in Rumangabo and crossed enemy lines to negotiate and personnel. After regaining control, he fired many rangers and arrested senior officers, then re-recruited rangers and retrained them. Risen; He stepped up in rations and equipment. Morale soared and animal populations eventually recovered.
But in April 2014, the story was almost over. De Merode had travelled to Goma to present evidence against Soco, a British oil company accused of bribing officials. He was returning to the park alone when gunmen opened fire on his Land Rover. He defended himself, ran into the woods and escondió. la bullet hit him in the chest, broke five ribs and punctured his lung. Another tore his stomach, “through the liver, diaphragm, lungs and back,” he said.
Finally, farmers on motorcycles stopped to help. When, despite everything, he arrived in Goma, he had to translate among Indian and Congolese doctors who did not speak an unusual language. Without an X-ray machine, doctors cut him in the middle. .
Two days later, while still recovering, Virunga premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival. The documentary, later acquired through Netflix, focused on the park’s fight against a siege via the M23 and the Soco. Produced by Leonardo DiCaprio, it was nominated for an Oscar. It also turned de Merode and his colleagues into foreign heroes.
This is how Gouspillou saw de Mérode in this first meeting. At the Château de Serrant, the two men ended up talking for 4 hours. De Merode was in a complicated situation: wanting to figure out how to use Virunga’s surplus electricity to finance the park, which was wasting money. And Gouspillou was willing to do everything that mattered.
In the exercise at home, “I passed by and saw that he was a hero,” Gouspillou says. “I sought help. We were mining by buying electricity, it wasn’t efficient. The money could pass on to Kazakhstan’s oligarchs. In Virunga, we see that it saves the park.
“We used to do mining by buying electricity; It wasn’t efficient. Perhaps the money will go to Kazakhstan’s oligarchs. In Virunga, we see that it saves the park. “
Gouspillou, who turned to cryptocurrencies after investing in real estate, likes to call himself Bitcoin’s Indiana Jones. Although he has no whip or felt (he prefers jeans and is bald), he has a reputation as an adventurer. His firm, Big Block Green Services, is known for setting up questionable allocations: advising El Salvador on its “Bitcoin City” and preparing a crypto allocation in the Central African Republic.
With Gouspillou’s help, in early 2020, Virunga bought second-hand servers and set out to structure a Bitcoin mine. As with the hydroelectric plant, the structure is arduous. Getting shipping boxes and Bitcoin platforms from Goma meant two days of driving down dirt roads through rebels. Forests retained.
“The Italian ambassador died on the road we take every day,” Gouspillou said. When he arrived in Luviro, he discovered bullet holes in his bungalow that De Merode had not told him about. “I didn’t say anything to my wife either,” Gouspillou jokes.
At that time, the number of corpses in the park increased sharply. Twelve rangers, a motive force and 4 civilians were killed in April 2020 in the worst attack in Virunga’s history. Another ranger killed in October, another six in January 2021, some in October and some in November 2021. De Merode describes it as “our most complicated year”.
However, against all odds, in September 2020, the Luviro mine began operating.
Between emerging electricity rates and sky-high climate costs, crypto mining is wreaking havoc on communities.
A local task that was offered led to the hiring of nine Congolese cryptominers, who scored well in a quiz contest. Most of them had already heard of Bitcoin, but their first impressions were not positive due to the scams operating in the area. Now, many of them have crypto wallets.
“The box is completely new,” says Ernest Kyeya, a 27-year-old electrical engineer from the University of Goma who works at the mine.
“It took me a little while to get used to the jargon, perceive how a mining device works and be able to fix it,” he adds. “But they treated me as a team member and not just a worker. This duty has given me confidence. “
Miners paint 21 days straight before having five days off. Excavations aren’t “classic,” Kyeya says, “but we love what we do. “He adds: “It’s not like in the city. Everything has to be planned. But it’s worth it, it’s an honor to be painting here, up to thirteen hours a day, more, because we have nothing else to do in the jungle.
Today, 10 boxes are fed directly through the plant’s four-meter turbines. Each container consists of 250 to 500 pallets. Virunga has 3 boxes, and all proceeds go to finance the park’s services. The other seven are Gouspillou. Il Virunga will pay for the electrical power needed to run its servers, and everything it operates belongs to Virunga and its investors.
De Merode estimates the mine generated about $500,000 for the park last year, when the pandemic shut down maximum revenue resources.
And taking advantage of the popularity of virtual monkeys, the park partnered with the NFT CyberKongz project, which auctioned gorilla NFTs through Christie’s, offering an additional $1. 2 million for the park. Part of this cash was used to acquire two of the 3 boxes belonging to the park.
“That’s what they gave us through covid,” de Merode says.
“Emmanuel was very surprised when he saw the money. I am confident of our success,” says Gouspillou, who speaks at full speed when the verbal exchange revolves around the sustainability of cryptocurrencies.
Not everyone is so sure. And not all Congolese are in favour of radical development. Even if some do, the maximum will not find jobs. Years of war and foreign exploitation also weigh heavily on the inhabitants, who praise the park and curse it in the same sentence.
Meanwhile, for the foreign community, the concept of Bitcoin as a savior has never been harder to sell.
This complaint is very similar to the enormous amount of electrical energy needed to mine coins: electricity regularly generated from fossil fuels. The managing director of the European Central Bank recently called Bitcoin mining an “unprecedented polluter. “And connections are expensive; the seven largest cryptocurrency miners in the U. S. The U. S. , for example, extracts the same amount of energy as all Houston homes (U. S. cryptocurrency companies). UU. no are legally required to report carbon dioxide emissions. )
Many communities, especially in emerging countries, have also been exploited through foreign crypto miners, some of whom have rushed to take advantage of weak local or tax benefits, divert energy, damage the surrounding environment, and then disappear for the next hot spot. .
“The main challenge is that the advantages gained are incredibly limited compared to the cost,” says Alex de Vries, a PhD student at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam who studies the sustainability of crypto. “Miners make too many promises and don’t deliver enough. “
One key, he says, is that recouping investments means running the platforms 24/7. “Local communities are better off without them,” he concludes.
Peter Howson, an assistant professor of foreign progression at Northumbria University who conducted studies with de Vries, also argues that Congo’s blank power can be used more efficiently. “Bitcoin miners are outpacing the most productive bureaucracy of green business progression in the DRC,” he said. says. ” These industries may have hired illegal fighters, poachers and loggers. Even the largest Bitcoin teams employ only a handful of people. And those are very precarious jobs with precarious contracts. So is it a smart model?They use hydro for anything useful.
Esther Marijnen, a Dutch political ecologist who has worked in Congo since 2013, has a point, saying the Luviro mine disagrees with conservation and wonders what a gorilla sanctuary has to do with cryptography. Despite all the ongoing progress in Virunga, namely around hydropower, he points out that the park has failed to generate stability or widespread employment.
“What’s the goal?” She asks, “Is rural electrification so that other people around the park can actually use electric power for their park appointments?Or is it to attract business?
Jason Stearns, founder of New York University’s Congo Research Group and a former U. N. researcher who considers De Merode a friend, warns that militias can also take advantage of hydropower, so it may not necessarily lead militants to lay down their arms. tenacity and willingness to think outside the box,” he says, “but this ideology that the flexible market will bring peace is opposed to the last 20 years in Congo. “
However, Gouspillou argues that Bitcoin mining “can be a force for development. “In fact, he sees Virunga’s assignment as a prospective model: “People say it’s bad for the environment, but here it’s blank energy. It is a formula that can only be replicated.
There are no fossil fuels here from the mine in the rivers, he adds, and the lack of consumers in Luviro means no electricity is diverted from local needs.
“Even the largest Bitcoin corporations only employ a handful of people. And those are very precarious jobs with precarious contracts. So is it a smart model?They use hydroelectric power for anything useful. “
Michael Saylor, co-founder of investment firm MicroStrategy, called Virunga’s style “the ideal high-tech industry to install in a country that has a lot of strength blank but can’t export a product or produce a service with that strength. “. ” In that sense, De Merode was discussing with other state national parks the option of converting their waterways into sources of hydroelectric force.
Peter Wall, CEO of Argo Blockchain, which operates hydroelectric mines in Quebec, notes that “85% of [a mine’s] operating prices come from electricity,” that even a low-power mine can be profitable. “I think [the Virunga mine is] for the first time,” he says. “I haven’t heard of any mining in national parks. At the end of the day, you want 3 things: energy, machines, capital. Virunga has all 3.
Still, all crypto mines, including Luviro’s, have to deal with the value of currency destruction. Bitcoin alone has fallen more than 70% since its peak last year. And then there’s the FTX debacle, which wiped out $32 billion overnight. All of this, coupled with the history of cryptocurrency contamination, can disable the donors that companies like Virunga depend on.
But it’s still “an incredibly smart investment for the park,” de Merode says. “We don’t speculate on its value; We generate it. If you buy Bitcoin and it’s going down, you lose money. We make Bitcoin out of excess power and monetize anything that otherwise has no value. That’s a big difference.
Even if Bitcoin fell to 1% of its value, all 10 boxes would be profitable, he says.
It’s a formula that De Merode hopes can necessarily be maintained, which is one of the reasons the park is building so much infrastructure. When I ask him what would happen to the mine if something happened to him, he helps me keep smiling.
“If I collapse? The virtual wallet is controlled by our finance team,” he replies. it happened to me or our CFO lost the password, we would give him a hard time, but he wouldn’t charge us much.
Crypto, says de Merode, isn’t the only answer to saving Virunga, but it’s part of a broader eco-business model. The annual impact on GDP of Virunga’s other green investments, which come with coffee and chocolate farming, may just succeed at $202 million through 2025, according to a 2019 report through British economic consultancy Cambridge Econometrics.
The crypto industry is making a huge investment to trap more people into buying. That doesn’t mean you have to.
“What we’re looking to show is that a green economy is about diversity,” de Merode says. “Hundreds of other industries can count on long-term sustainable energy, contributing to a healthy society. As opposed to relying only on oil.
About a hundred miles south of Luviro, from the top of the tower of the Matebe hydroelectric power station, you can see the plan in action, with power lines winding through the town of Rutshuru. It’s not a city, but in many ways it’s been a good fortune, a position where this vision has painted, even if that good fortune is incredibly dim. This domain has become the center of the territory now claimed through the M23. However, my stopover in the spring, 5000 bars of soap were produced a day at the RUSA soap factory thanks to appliances purchased through a microcredit backed by Virunga. Chrismost sensitivehe Bashaka, the owner, smiled from ear to ear and said that paints were “not possible” without hydroforce.
In a corn factory minutes away, Elias Habimana took off his leather coat and picked up a giant calculator to show me how many thousands of dollars he saved: hydropower allowed him to abandon the turbines and employ 30 people.
“De Merode made this possible,” he said. With the current situation, things are a lot now. “
And a park-run chocolate factory in nearby Beni gives cocoa farmers a fair value and a legal market. It produces 10,000 bars a month, also powered by hydropower, numbers approaching now that Virunga has partnered with Ben Affleck’s Eastern Congo Initiative, an NGO. that’s helping bring park-produced chocolate to retail outlets in the United States.
According to de Merode, the electrical power of Virunga’s hydroelectric plants has created more than 12,000 tasks; Since the average Congolese family has at least five members, one task is a large stabilizer in a position where desperation drives radicalization. None of the main Congolese crypto groups are former militias, but some of the transients who participated in the structure were, Gouspillou notes. .
“What we are looking to show is that a green economy is about diversity. “
At the park’s headquarters in Rumangabo, the stakes in this experiment are highlighted. Near piles of confiscated coal and a gorilla cemetery is the grave of the first ranger. names of the dead. ” My husband enjoyed this place,” one named Mama Noella told me. With five mouths to feed after his death, he worked hard as one day until he learned an industry here: “It gave me courage, hope. “
On my last morning in the park, the bombing started early. The next day, missiles flew into the sky as the M23 moved in opposition to the army, with Virunga’s corps of workers and thousands of Congolese in between.
A few days after my departure, de Merode ordered the evacuation of Rumangabo. Matebe next. Later that week, a UN helicopter crashed over a militia-controlled domain and fighting engulfed Rutshuru and Matebe. Meanwhile, the park staff stayed. By luck or divine magic, the M23 retreated to the mountain.
The respite, however, turned out to be short-lived.
By mid-summer, fighting had resumed and was falling as rebels advanced towards Goma. The government has declared its oil ambitions and, in August, the US secretary of state has declared its oil ambitions. U. S. Secretary of State Antony Blinken announced a plan to jointly review extraction areas.
Since then, a hydroelectric power station has been attacked with artillery and a high-voltage line to Goma has been hit. The M23 continued its bloody crusade in Rutshuru and seized Rumangabo in October, leaving De Merode and his ilk to revive a profession eerily reminiscent of what captivated the Virunga public a decade ago.
In early January, the M23 announced its withdrawal from Rumangabo, however, park staff warn that it has withdrawn from other territories captured in recent months to retreat quickly, and that rebels are still noticeable in the area. And although the M23 retreated, other rebels remained; Just a few weeks ago, around Christmas, an organization called Mai-Mai killed two rangers.
Meanwhile, Gouspillou has continued to proselytize about the long-term cryptocurrencies (traveling to Ghana for the first African Bitcoin convention) and is waiting for things to calm down before returning to Luviro.
And Merode is still waiting, Kyeya and Mbavumoja are still working, and the platforms are still connecting to Luviro. After so much luck, smart and bad, the manager is left with a small team, as he said in a WhatsApp call last August, simply “keeping our heads above water. “
Adam Popescu is a Los Angeles native.
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