The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change held its 28th Conference of the Parties, better known as COP28, in Dubai, United Arab Emirates (UAE), from November 30 to December 13, 2023. In his final remarks, Simon Stiell, Executive Secretary of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, said that while the era of fossil fuels is over in Dubai, the agreement reached there represents the beginning of its end, and it is now up to national governments and companies to make it their pressing project. turn those commitments into genuine economic results. [1] The final official communiqué states that things are looking up: the days are numbered for the cause of our environmental ills.
In this article, we reflect on the weather scenario ahead of the summit and the political expectations it has generated. Below we will review the COP28 calendar and the agreements reached. To conclude, we wonder if there are enough reasons to be positive and Moreover, the announced “beginning of the end” of the fossil fuel era will allow us to catch our breath, even if the near-apocalyptic heat of last summer still shines in our country’s minds.
In the middle of last summer, as July was on track to become the month on record, UN Secretary-General António Guterres declared that the era of global warming was over and had ushered in the era of global turmoil – an unprecedented climate milestone. replace and a frightening fact. [2]
Climatologists said last July was likely the month in 120,000 years, according to records. It’s been a scorching summer on our planet. Scorching heat waves persisted, leading to destructive wildfires, endless droughts, and devastating storms. Rising temperatures are not just a summer phenomenon: 2023 broke all records and is expected to be recorded as the year on record[3], according to the European company Copernicus. [4]
NASA has provided information on the fires that occurred in Canada last summer, which burned about 18. 4 million hectares of land, a territory that is about the length of North Dakota (183,125 km²) and larger than Greece (131,957 km²). Until then, the Canadian average of 2. 5 million hectares affected by fire. [5] The smoke forced millions of Canadians and Americans to stay indoors to avoid respiratory damage. Possibly they would have taken the opportunity to pay attention and meditate on Cat Stevens’ song, O Caritas, with its harsh Latin opening lines: “Hunc ornatum mundi / Nolo perdere / Video flagrare / Omnia res. ” Tourists fled the Greek islands; staff in India have suffered from heat stroke; Hawaii burned.
On July 26 in Nairobi, Kenya, during the 59th consultation of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)[6], a new president of this body was elected for the next five to seven years. This is James Ferguson Skea, Professor of Sustainable Energy at Imperial College London. Linked to the IPCC since its inception[7], this Scottish academic, an authority on meteorological science, stated in his acceptance speech that he intended to protect the clinical integrity and political relevance of the IPCC’s assessment reports. and making effective use of the most productive information available on climate change. [8] It is now up to him to coordinate the preparation of the IPCC’s seventh report scheduled for 2028.
Skea, shortly after his appointment, without downplaying the situation, warned that it was counterproductive to spread the message that we are now inevitably doomed to extinction, as it leads to paralysis and prevents us from taking the mandatory measures to control climate change. He said the end of the world would not end if warming exceeds 1. 5 degrees, but that it would be a more dangerous and conflicted world. A proactive strategy is needed. There are reasons to be optimistic, so that we can win this battle. We are under pressure that every action counts, that the measures taken are becoming more and more effective, that we want to continue producing more and more renewable electricity, that we want to differentiate internal combustion engine cars and we probably could not do so without technological answers such as CO2 capture.
At the same time, we will want to replace our lifestyles in line with greater climate awareness. [9] Skea noted that the global average temperature for the month of July was 0. 3°C higher than any previous month and that this was taking us into uncharted territory, full of uncertainties about the effect of such warming on our lives. . . We do not know nor can we expect the effects this will have on food production and agriculture. [10] He also said that during his tenure, he hoped to make progress on how and where money spent goes to solve the challenge on a global scale: there is no shortage of cash in the world and it is all about getting it. as far as you want. In essence, instead of paralyzing catastrophism, Skea advocates a cautious, active, and guilty optimism. [eleven]
The destructive force of climate change has never been more evident around the world. The accumulation of errors caused by climate change has given us a greater understanding of its ferocity and impact. This ordeal has made inevitable the urgent need for, in a spirit of unity: climate change mitigation (prevention and alleviation of greenhouse fuel emissions and transition to renewable energy) and climate adaptation (measures needed to adapt to and reduce the damage of existing and projected climate impacts). Under these circumstances, 197 official delegations were amassed in Dubai for COP28.
According to the provisions of the Paris Agreement, it is mandatory to carry out the first Global Stocktaking (GST), a review of the targets agreed in the French capital in 2015; continue the discussion on external climate finance, with a fund for loss and damage; reaching agreement on a global adaptation goal; drafting a law for cooperation between countries; and targets for renewable energy deployment, energy efficiency, and reducing or eliminating dependence on fossil fuels and the subsidies they receive.
The recent rapprochement between the U. S. and the U. S. The updated EU commitment detailing its implementation plan to achieve its goals[13], the implementation of the US climate plan. (including the Inflation Reduction Act) and the fact that China’s emissions are expected to peak in 2025 (five years ahead of its commitment), as well as progress in deploying renewable energy were some of the positive elements to achieve this at COP28. The challenge in Dubai was to ensure that those auspicious symptoms would lead to an agreement in line with the climate goals of the Paris Agreement.
On the other hand, a complicated summit was expected – like all past ones – especially due to the pandemic, with accumulated representatives in the midst of a tense geopolitical scenario due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, the war between Israel and Hamas, and its external repercussions. The climate challenge is as pressing as it is enormous. It should not be forgotten that the change in economic design since the Industrial Revolution is a test of global socio-economic and technological resilience.
In this state of mind, and aware of the enormous task to be accomplished, the challenge of making COP28 a vital step in the solidarity reaction to the global consequences of climate change. But it is true that all the participants shared the purpose of devising a rescue solution. Plan for a world on fire?
The cases in which COP28 opened justified a certain scepticism. The Emirate of Dubai, like the rest of the United Arab Emirates, relies almost exclusively on fossil resources. The United Arab Emirates is the world’s seventh-largest oil producer and has the fifth-largest fuel reserves. The man selected to preside over COP28, Sultan Ahmed Al Jaber, is an oil tycoon who runs the Abu Dhabi National Oil Company (ADNOC), the state-owned oil company of the United Arab Emirates. [14]
From the outset, doubts arose about his nomination to the presidency. More than 450 environmental organizations have sent a letter to the UN secretary-general calling for his replacement due to an obvious clash of interests. [15] “COP presidencies will have to be flexible and independent of the influence of fossil fuels,” the text reads. Activists didn’t mince words on their sarcasm, comparing Al Jaber to a fox called to guard the henhouse. Greta Thunberg called the Arab oilman’s appointment as head of COP28 “absolutely ridiculous. “[16] However, critics have been silent on one applicable fact, namely that Al Jaber had in the past headed Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company, the state-owned company of the United Arab Emirates. A renewable energy company blamed for the progress of the city it comes from. It is named after him, which is home to the International Renewable Energy Agency and has one of the largest solar installations in the world.
This is not the only controversy Al Jaber faced. As it prepared to welcome the more than 80,000 people accredited to the Dubai summit, the BBC reported that its plans were very different from simply seeking a climate deal, as it intended to use the occasion to expand its own business activities, obviously against UN regulations for such summits. [17]
A few days later, while the convention was already underway, Al Jaber was the subject of another controversy. The Guardian reported that he had claimed in an online event that there is “no clinical evidence” that phasing out fossil fuels was necessary to limit global warming to 1. 5°C. [18] Al Jaber had to come forward again, at a press conference, to emphasize that the phasing out of fossil fuels is inevitable. [19] In short, COP28 was positioned in a context of controversy, but Al Jaber’s team, aware that the challenge ahead was to put an end to fossil fuels as the culprit of climate change, led this climate summit in search of a new style of agreement, a Partnership between manufacturers and consumers. He sought an integrated approach, putting industries with high emissions on the table. The fact is that in the end, almost two hundred countries accepted a text that may not be ambitious enough, but that opens the process of ending fossil fuels. It was claimed that Al Jaber, the oil man, would be the one to achieve this goal. Who knows if this will be true, but in any case, Guyy at the end of the Dubai convention said that under his leadership, at COP28, the decision was made to end the era of oil, fuel and coal . He thus identified it through the UN itself.
On December 13, the official communiqué exultantly declared that “the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP28) concluded today with an agreement that marks the ‘beginning of the end’ of the fossil fuel era by laying the groundwork for immediate change. . , a just and equitable transition, supported through strong emissions rebates and increased financing. [20] It considers the Global Stocktake as the central final outcomes of COP28, as it encompasses all the elements that were being negotiated and can now be used across all countries to scale up stronger climate action plans by 2025. [21]
The central elements of this document can be found in Articles 27 and 28. Article 27 “recognizes” that restricting global warming to 1. 5°C “requires deep, immediate and sustained reductions” in global greenhouse fuel emissions of 43% by 2030 and 60% by 2030. through 2035, compared to 2019 levels, to 0 carbon dioxide emissions through 2050.
Article 28 calls on participants to contribute to this global effort, taking into account the Paris Agreement and other national situations, pathways and approaches. Eight characteristics are presented to countries to implement the Nationally Determined Contributions (NDC) roadmap, aimed at achieving percentage relief from maximum polluting fuels. These projects aim to triple global renewable energy capacity and also double the average annual rate of energy capacity improvement through the end of the decade; “phase down” carbon that cannot be captured; boost the use of zero-emission energy systems with or without the use of low- or zero-emission fuels; reduce emissions from road transport, one of the most polluting; specifically, reduce emissions of non-carbon greenhouse fuels, such as methane, until 2030; Boost zero or low emissions technologies, including but not limited to “renewable, nuclear, reduction and disposal technologies, such as carbon capture, utilization and storage, especially in hard-to-use sectors, and hydrogen production with low carbon emissions. . ”
Two segments of segment 28 garnered maximum attention, “d” and “h. “The first calls for “moving away from fossil fuels in energy systems, in a fair, orderly and equitable manner,” accelerating action in this critical decade to succeed. net-zero emissions by 2050. At COP28, this point was at the center of a heated debate. Discussion of the verb that precedes the words “fossil fuels”. At the end, the text does not include words such as “phase-out” or “phase-out”. The word selected was “transition. ” Finally, segment “h” calls for “phasing out, as soon as possible, inefficient fossil fuel subsidies that do not address energy poverty or just transitions. “
Approval of the agreement is binding and does not take immediate effect. Now that these issues have been agreed, it will be necessary to work on their new NDCs to present them in 2025 at COP30 to check whether the global warming process has been oriented towards the 1. 5°C threshold by the end of the year.
A forgotten point, as approved on the first day, is that the Dubai summit managed to release the first war fund so that the most vulnerable countries would have a budget to mitigate the effects of climate change. Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt, and over the course of 12 negotiations, there was a debate about which foreign organization deserves to host it and who deserves to fund it. For the time being, and with a deadline set at the end of the next 4 years, the World Bank will administer the fund. After the first day’s release, a large number of countries pledged their own contributions, but by the end of COP28 they had reached only $1 billion, representing just 0. 2 percent of the total. needed across the most vulnerable countries to cope with the effects of the climate crisis.
The United Nations meteorological summit in Dubai ended with some positive signs. The agreement reached was hailed as historic. For the first time in 30 years of climate negotiations, fossil fuels have been found to be the cause of the climate crisis. It is a compromise agreement that envisages a “transition” away from fossil fuels. The most potent term, “phase-in,” has been supported by 130 of the 198 countries that negotiated in Dubai, but blocked by “oil states” such as Saudi Arabia.
Faced with this, many scientists reacted by stating that the agreement does not correspond to the severity of the climate emergency and has serious shortcomings. [22] Climate experts have been quick to point out that the lack of an unequivocal decision in favor of elimination is a tragedy for our future. Magdalena Skipper, editor-in-chief of the clinical journal Nature, said the science speaks for itself: fossil fuels will have to go, and “world leaders will disappoint their other people and the planet if they don’t conform to this reality. “A Nature editorial argued that the failure to phase out was “more than a missed opportunity. “dangerous” and “runs counter to the basic goals set out in the 2015 Paris climate agreement” to restrict global warming to 1. 5°C above pre-industrial levels. [23] This is much more than a matter of semantics. Oil-producing states have breathed a sigh of relief at this wording, which allows them to continue and even expand their activities.
In addition, the final text, which recognises the need to achieve deep, immediate and sustained reductions in greenhouse gas emissions, sets out, as mentioned, eight aspects to achieve the goal agreed in Paris. The key detail is that all countries deserve to be able to decide which one is best suited to their economy, “taking into account other national cases, pathways and approaches” (Article 28). But determining national cases can lead to minimal results. Consider a country like Saudi Arabia, which has championed the use of CO2 capture and storage technologies at the Dubai summit, and which could simply opt for point “e” in the text, which enshrines “the acceleration of zero- and low-emission technologies” for emissions relief. These include relief and disposal technologies, such as carbon capture and utilisation, as well as garage and hydrogen production. In other words, it will continue to extract oil in the meantime.
In short, in addition to the progress made in preparing an irreversible path towards the end of the fossil fuel era, these two considerations dampen the official optimism with which the Dubai summit concluded. Did he leave us an empty glass? We prefer to say: partially complete. Pope Francis sees this as an encouraging step. [24]
Among the opportunities set for NDCs, COP28 included nuclear energy (Art. 28, (e). The Nuclear Energy Agency welcomed this early popularity of the role nuclear power can play in reducing carbon emissions. This is not a trivial question, as it is an option rejected by environmental teams for a number of reasons that we list here [25].
1) Nuclear force is not part of the solution: If nuclear capacity were to double globally, it would only reduce greenhouse fuel emissions by about 4% by 2050. To achieve this goal, 37 new giant reactors would be needed per year until 2050. But since 2009, the average structure time of international reactors has been just under 10 years. [26]
(2) Nuclear power plants present unique risks in terms of the potential consequences of a major accident, as Fukushima Daiichi demonstrates, and are equally harmful in the event of a military conflict.
3) Nuclear power is too expensive. The price of solar power generation ranges from $36 to $44 per megawatt hour (MWh); Nuclear power costs between $112 and $189 per MWh. It also generates huge amounts of highly radioactive toxic waste, a real scourge for our environment and a great challenge for future generations. [27]
This is a deeply debatable debate. In Europe, France is in favor of it. For countries such as Austria, Denmark, Germany, Luxembourg and Spain, nuclear power can receive green funding and cannot be promoted as “sustainable”.
COP28 has been a privileged opportunity to review the possible options taken in the past and become aware of the urgency of tackling the climate crisis, taking into account the extreme weather occasions affecting the planet. In this regard, the European Scientific Advisory Committee on Climate Change has just indicated the desire to reduce emissions by 95% by 2040.
Like the previous ones, it was a complicated summit with limited results. It brought together many other actors. Al Jaber’s oil company, ADNOC, is the world’s twelfth largest oil producer; It ranks 14th on the list of companies most guilty of carbon emissions and ranks second in a global investigation into fossil fuel companies’ oil and fuel expansion plans; It’s one of the things that bothers the many environmental teams that also offer in Dubai the most. [28]
Today it is very difficult to deny climate change. The real debate in the clinical network is about when we will exceed the 1. 5°C limit set in Paris. Global warming could slow faster than we think, according to a new study by an organization of researchers, adding former NASA scientist James Hansen, whose testimony before the U. S. Congress 35 years ago helped raise awareness about climate change. [29]
The factor is of paramount importance. If we cross the threshold agreed in Paris, the global will not end, but it will also be much less habitable, more conflictive and with dramatic consequences. In fact, the Paris Agreement is a human rights factor. We are communicating about health, food, agriculture, water (with apparent shortages in the Amazon itself and in the Panama Canal), physical security, migration, and additional impoverishment of those who are already poor. In short, we are communicating about survival, about knowing percentages of ecological debt created. Globally, Latin America and Africa are ultimately responsible for only 6% of all emissions. They are right that industrialized countries deserve to contribute much more to the costs of adapting to climate change. [30] There is already a lot of talk in industrialized countries about a just transition, with an emphasis on the redistribution of income sources implied by substitution in the style of production. The equity aspect is imperative to ensure that the majority of the population supports the transition process.
The challenge we face is enormous and unique to human history. But there are reasons to be optimistic. One of them is compelling: the state of generation is such that two renewable technologies (utility-scale solar photovoltaics and onshore wind) already constitute the cheapest bureaucracy for electric power generation. The energy transition makes economic sense, regardless of one’s position. adopt in the face of climate change. [31]
We know that it is essential to replace the production style and we are giving ourselves the means to achieve it. Virgil, recounting the struggle of the ships in the games in honour of the dead Anchises, wrote Possunt quia posse videntur (“They can, because they can”). [32]
We want to come to terms with creation. We mistreated him. At first we didn’t know, now we do. Creation is an act of love; We will have to settle for it and treat it with love. The lyrics of the aforementioned song, Oh Caritas, say: Pain has the weight / of pain and tears / Deep is the cry / of the earth and the seas / O charity, O charity, / we have charity / like those who are about to do it. Let us die, we salute death, / Only life is resurrected. [33]
DOI: https://doi. org/10. 32009/22072446. 0324. 12
[1]. « We have turned the page on the fossil fuel era, but this outcome is the beginning of the end,” the UN Executive Secretary said of the climate update at the close of COP28 on December 13, 2023 (unfccc. int/ news).
[2]. « The month of July recorded indicates that ‘the era of global boiling has arrived,’ says the UN chief,” in UN News (news. un. org/en/story/2023/07/1139162), July 27, 2023.
[3]. The Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES), now renamed Copernicus, is an initiative of the European Space Agency (ESA) and the European Commission, created in 2001 at the Gothenburg assembly to provide the European Union with satellite data on Earth.
[4]. « Copernicus: 2023 is the year on record, with global temperatures close to the 1. 5°C limit”, in Climate Change Service (climate. copernicus. eu/copernicus-2023–year-record), 9 January 2024. See also D. Carrington, “2023 Breaks World Year Record by a Huge Margin,” in The Guardian (www. theguardian. com/environment/2024/jan/0nine/2023-record-world–climate-fossil-fuel), January 9, 2024.
[5]. « Tracking Canada’s Extreme 2023 Fire Season,” at NASA Earth Observatory (earthobservatory. nasa. gov/images/151985/tracking-canadas-extreme-2023-fire-season), July 23, 2023.
[6]. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 to provide up-to-date clinical evidence of climate change; Almost all countries acceded to the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, with the aim of avoiding “dangerous anthropogenic interference with the meteorological system. “See History of the IPCC (www. ipcc. ch/about/history). See also “What is the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change?change).
[7]. He co-authored the 2018 Special Report on Global Warming of 1. 5°C, the 2019 Special Report on Climate Change and Land, and Climate Change 2022: Climate Change Mitigation (www. ipcc. ch/people/jim-Skea).
[8]. « IPCC elects Jim Skea as new chair,” in IPCC (www. ipcc. ch/2023/07/26/jim-skea-new-ipcc-chair), 26 July 2023.
[9]. Cf. S. Götze, “Bei 1. 5 Grad Erwärmung geht die Welt nicht untee”, in Der Spiegel (www. spiegel. de/wissenschaft/ipcc-chef-jim-skea-bei-1-5-grad- erwaermung-geht-die-welt-nicht-unter-a-13dd35aa-1a80-41b8-b966-911015fd908), 29 July 2023; “Don’t exaggerate the 1. 5°C threat, says new IPCC chair”, in DW (www. dw. com/en/climate-change-do-not-overstate-15- Degrees-threat/a-66386523), 30 July 2023.
[ten]. Cf. C. Álvarez, “Jim Skea, new IPCC president: ‘Some climate adjustments are the fastest we can hope for'”, in El País (elpais. com/clima-y-medio-ambiente /2023-08-10 /jim-skea-nuevo-presidente-del-ipcc-some-changes-in-the-climate-are-arriving-mas-plus rapide-que-attendu. html), 10 August 2023.
[11]. Cf. M. Dell’Aguzzo, “Paralyzing Catastrophism. La calma e l’ottimismo del nuovo capo dell’Ipcc”, in Linkiesta (www. linkiesta. it/2023/08/jim-skea-capo-ipcc -catastrophism-climate-change-, August 2, 2023.
[12]. See U. S. Department of State, “Sunnylands Statement on Enhancing Cooperation to Address the Climate Crisis,” November 14, 2023 (www. state. gov/sunnylands-statement-on-enhancing-cooperation-to-address-the-climate-crisis). .
[13]. See European Council, ‘Fit for 55’ (www. consilium. europa. eu/en/policies/green-deal/fit-for-55-the-eu-plan-for-a-green-transition).
[14]. Cf. F. Harvey, “I Wasn’t the Obvious Choice: Meet the Oilman Charged with Saving the Planet,” in The Guardian (www. theguardian. com/environment/2023/oct/07/meet- the-oilman-tasked with saving the planet (cop28), October 7, 2023.
[15]. See “Letter to Kick Out Big Polluters on COP28 Presidency,” January 28, 2023 (globalforestcoalition. org/letter-from-kick-big-polluters-out-on-cop28-presidency).
[16]. Cf. COP28 picks up on Dubai’s criticism: it’s ridiculous to set a summit on climate and produce oil”, in Euronews (en. euronews. com/2023/11/27/cop28-starts-a-dubai-entre-criticismos-ridiculosos- Trust the climate Oil Producers Summit, 27 November 2023.
[17]. Cf. J. Rowlatt, “UAE plans to use COP28 talks to close oil deals”, in BBC News, 27 November 2023.
[18]. Cf. D. Carrington – B. Stockton, “COP28 President Says No ‘Unscientific’ Fossil Fuel Phase-Out Demands,” in The Guardian (www. theguardian. com/environment/2023/dec/03/ back-into-caverns-cop28-president-dismisses-phase-out-fossil-fuels), December 3, 2023.
[19]. Cf. D. Carrington, “COP28 President Forced to Call for Phasing Out of Fossil Fuels,” in The Guardian (www. theguardian. com/environment/2023/dec/0four/cop28-president-says-no-science -for-fossils: call for fuel phase-out has been misinterpreted), December 4, 2023.
[20]. « COP28 agreement signals the beginning of the end of the fossil fuel era,” in UN Climate Change News (unfccc. int/news/cop28-agreement-signals-starting-of-the-finish-of-the-fossil fuels). -era), December 13, 2023.
[21]. See “Conference of the Parties to the Paris Agreement, Fifth Session”, in First Global Stocktaking (unfccc. int/sites/default/files/resource/cma2023_L17_adv. pdf).
[22]. Cf. D. Carrington, “COP28’s failure to phase out fossil fuels is ‘devastating’, scientists say,” in The Guardian (www. theguardian. com/environment/2023/dec/14/failure-cop28-fossil-fuel-out-of-devastating-say-scientists), December 14, 2023.
[23]. « COP28: The Science is clear: Fossil fuels must go”, in Nature, vol. 624, 12 December 2023 (www. nature. com/articles/d41586-023-03955-x).
[24] Cf. Pope Francis: al Corpo diplomato, ‘documento finale COP28 passo incoraggiante’, save ‘pieno coinvolgimento di tutti'”, in Monsieur (www. agensir. it/quotidiano/2024/1/8/papa-francesco-al-corpo- Diplomatico-documento-finale-cop28-passo-incoraggiante-serve-pieno-coinvolgimento-di-tutti), 8 January 2024. Cf. N. Gonçalves, “Pilgrims sojourning on this Earth. Pape Francis at COP 28”, in Civ. Chat. English edition January 2024, https://www. laciviltacattolica. com/pilgrims-sojourning-on-this-earth/
[25]. Cf. M. Leman, “6 Reasons Why Nuclear Power Is the Path to a Green, Nonviolent World,” in Greenpeace (http://tinyurl. com/4zrc3eyk), March 18, 2022.
[26]. Cf. https://europa. today. it/attualita/europa-45-nuove-centrali-nucleari. html
[27]. See: https://www. ansa. it/canale_ambiente/notizie/energia/2021/03/29/rinnovabili-1-kwh-solare-costa-37-dollari-nucleare-163_2deab495-c50c-406a-97f4-90cae57e2257. HTML
[28]. Al Jaber boasts that ADNOC’s fuel generates fewer carbon emissions than oil and fuel from other sources, as the UAE has invested heavily in modernizing its drilling and refining operations. It says its products are preferable. He insists that we will need a certain amount of oil and gas. At the same time, the company knows that the future is green and is preparing for it. By 2050, the last barrel of crude oil will be exported.
[29]. Cf. D. Erdenesana, “35 Years After Congressional Speech, James Hansen Has More Climate Warnings,” in The New York Times (www. nytimes. com/2023/11/02/climate/james-hansen-global -warming-report. html), November 2, 2023; J. Hansen, “Global Warming in the Pipeline”, in Oxford Open Climate Change (academic. oup. com/oocc/article/3/1/kgad008/7335889), 3 January 2023.
[30]. J. Banda, “Keeping Climate Justice Alive,” at Project Syndicate (http://tinyurl. com/4rr86nav), September 11, 2023.
[31]. Cf. A. Rathi, Climate Capitalism: Winning the Global Race to Zero Emissions, London, John Murray, 2023; J. Abad – M. Losa, “Economic reasons for energy transition angels”, at Elcano Royal Institute (www. realinstitutoelcano. org/analisis/razones-nomicas-para-los angels-energy transition), October 5, 2023.
[32]. Virgil, Aeneid V, 231.
[33]. Lyrics and music by Cat Stevens, 1972. The original text is: Tristitate et lacrimis / Gravis est dolor / De terraque maribus / Magnus est clamor / O caritas, O caritas / Nobis semper amor / Nos perituri mortem salutamus / Sola resurgit vita.
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